Classification of Diseases and Conditions Affecting the Periodontium

Vocabulary flashcards covering the key terms, definitions, classifications, microbial agents, and systemic associations related to periodontal and gingival diseases.

Localized Extent

Periodontal disease distribution involving less than $30\text{\%}$ of teeth.

Generalized Extent

Periodontal disease distribution involving more than $30\text{\%}$ of teeth.

Plaque-Induced Gingivitis

An inflammatory lesion resulting from the interaction between dental plaque biofilm and the host response, confined to the gingiva without progressive attachment loss.

Prevotella intermedia

The bacterium specifically associated with increased severity of gingivitis during pregnancy.

Phenytoin

An anticonvulsant medication associated with drug-influenced gingival enlargement.

Cyclosporine

An immunosuppressive drug associated with drug-influenced gingival overgrowth.

Nifedipine

A calcium channel blocker medication associated with drug-influenced gingival overgrowth.

Ascorbic Acid Deficiency Gingivitis

Gingival manifestation of Vitamin C deficiency (scurvy), characterized by bright red, swollen, and bleeding gingival tissues.

Candidiasis

The most common oral fungal infection, typically caused by Candida albicans.

Linear Gingival Erythema

A fungal-associated condition appearing as a continuous erythematous stripe along the attached gingiva, often seen in HIV-seropositive individuals.

Hereditary Gingival Fibromatosis

A genetic condition (usually autosomal dominant) causing severe gingival enlargement that can completely cover teeth and delay eruption.

Periodontitis

An inflammatory periodontal disease characterized by clinically detectable attachment loss due to destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone.

Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL)

An estimate of periodontal destruction calculated using probing depth, gingival recession, and the CEJ as a fixed reference point.

Mild Chronic Periodontitis

Chronic periodontitis characterized by $1\text{--}2\text{\text{ mm}}$ of clinical attachment loss.

Moderate Chronic Periodontitis

Chronic periodontitis characterized by $3\text{--}4\text{\text{ mm}}$ of clinical attachment loss.

Severe Chronic Periodontitis

Chronic periodontitis characterized by \text{\ge }5\text{\text{ mm}} of clinical attachment loss.

Chronic Periodontitis

The most common form of periodontitis, characterized by slow-to-moderate progression, subgingival calculus, and tissue destruction consistent with local factors.

Aggressive Periodontitis

A form of periodontitis characterized by rapid clinical attachment loss and bone destruction in an otherwise healthy individual, frequently demonstrating familial aggregation.

Localized Aggressive Periodontitis

Aggressive periodontitis with circumpubertal onset, localized to first molars and incisors, involving proximal attachment loss on at least 2 permanent teeth (one being a first molar).

Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis

Aggressive periodontitis usually affecting individuals under 30 years old, causing generalized proximal attachment loss affecting at least 3 permanent teeth other than first molars and incisors.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

A bacterium frequently associated with aggressive periodontitis and Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome.

Papillon–Lefèvre Syndrome

An autosomal-recessive disorder caused by mutations in the cathepsin C gene on chromosome 11q14, characterized by severe aggressive periodontitis and palmoplantar keratoderma.

Sarcoidosis

A chronic cell-mediated hypersensitivity disease characterized histologically by noncaseating granulomas, which rarely involves oral tissues.

Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ)

Exposed maxillofacial bone failing to heal for at least 8 weeks in a patient receiving relevant medications, with no history of head and neck radiation therapy.

Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (NUG)

A necrotizing periodontal disease presenting with ulcerated and necrotic papillae, pain, bleeding, and pseudomembrane, without consistent clinical attachment loss.

Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontitis (NUP)

A necrotizing periodontal disease characterized by severe pain, spontaneous bleeding, clinical attachment loss, and alveolar bone loss.

Necrotizing Stomatitis

A severe inflammatory condition in systemically compromised individuals where soft-tissue necrosis extends beyond the gingiva, potentially forming bony sequestra.

Periodontal Abscess

A localized purulent infection of periodontal tissues classified by tissue of origin as gingival, periodontal, or pericoronal.

Endodontic–Periodontal Lesion

A combined pathology in which pulpal necrosis precedes periodontal destruction.

Periodontal–Endodontic Lesion

A combined pathology in which periodontal disease precedes pulpal involvement.

Combined Lesion

A lesion occurring when pulpal necrosis/periapical disease and periodontal disease exist simultaneously on the same tooth.

Amalgam Tattoo

A localized foreign-body reaction and tissue pigmentation caused by metal fragments introduced into gingival connective tissue.

Cervical Enamel Projection

An anatomical tooth anomaly occurring in $15\text{--}24\text{\%}$ of mandibular molars and $9\text{--}25\text{\%}$ of maxillary molars, predisposing to plaque retention and furcation involvement.

2018 AAP/EFP Staging and Grading System

An updated classification system where staging defines disease severity/complexity and grading defines rate of progression and future risk, grouping chronic and aggressive periodontitis simply as periodontitis.