biology respiration & photosynthesis

where does aerobic respiration take place

mitochondria

word equation for aerobic respiration

glucose+ oxygen→ carbon dioxide+ water

balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration

is respiration exothermic or endothermic?

respiration is an exothermic reaction

why do we need to respire?

• growth and repair- protein synthesis, active transport, cell division

• movement- muscle contraction

• control of body temperature in mammals

reactants of respiration

oxygen and glucose

when does rate of respiration increase

when we excercise or when we are cold

what is used to test for the presence of carbon dioxide?

lime water

metabolism

the sum of all the chemical reactions in your body, including respiration

respiration

a chemical reaction between oxygen and glucose that releases energy

metabolic rate

the rate at which all of the chemical reactions in the cells of the body are carried out.

monomer

something that can be stuck together to make a chain

polymer

long chain of monomers

example of polymer

protein, long chain of amino acids

what happens when excess protein is consumed

it is turned into urea in the liver, then excreted through urine

what happens if you have excess glucose

its stored as glycogen because if it stays soluble in your cells, it will transfer between them and your cells will shrivel or burst. glycogen is insoluble so this wont happen.

aerobic respiration Vs anaerobic respiration

aerobic:

• w oxygen

• always taking place

• releases lots of oxygen

anaerobic

• no oxygen

• sometimes taking place (in addition to aerobic respiration)

• releases less energy

word equation for anaerobic respiration

glucose → lactic acid+ energy

why is anaerobic respiration so bad

• produces much less energy

• the waste product, lactic acid, builds up in the muscles, producing muscle cramps and muscle fatigue

why do muscles need more blood when you excercise?

• cells respire more quickly to meet increased demand of the body during exercise

• because of this, oxygen and glucose are supplied more quickly to muscles

• also, carbon dioxide is removed more quickly and energy is released more quickly and energy is released more quickly to allow muscles to keep working.

how do we break down lactic acid

• using oxgyen

• lactic acid+ oxgyen → carbon dioxide+ water

• the amount of this oxygen needed is called oxygen debt

• OR lactic acid can also be broken down by being converted back to glucose in the liver.

why do we keep breathing heavily after running?

• the amount of oxygen needed to break down lactic acid after exercise is called oxygen debt

• oxygen is supplied into the blood so your breathing rate and heart rate remain high until the “debt” is repaid.

oxygen debt

the amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to break react with the accumulated lactic acid and remove it from the cells.

tidal volume

volume of air inhaled and exhaled. the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle is called tidal volume.

glycogen

• glucose is stored as glycogen in the muscle and liver cells

• when needed, glycogen is converted back into glucose for use in muscle cells

how does exercise affect your health?

• when you exercise, blood flow is directed towards working muscles and away from areas that are not doing much

• there is increased blood flow and volume flowing to the heart

• as the heart gets used to pumping more blood, the chambers of the heart become more powerful and are able to pump more blood

• over time resting hear rare drops because each beat delivers more blood

• this takes work off your heart, which is why cardio exercise is good for hear health

word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast

glucose → ethanol+ carbon dioxide

anaenerobic respiration in plants

• plants can also respire anaerobically

• this includes plants grown in marches wjere o2 concentration may be low

• plant roots in waterlogged soil dont have much oxygen so the root cells therefore carry out anaerobic respiration

whats fermentation

anaerobic respiration in yeast. e.g. sourdough

compare anaerobic respiration in animals and yeast

animals

• causes muscle fatigue and cramp

• produces lactic acid

• creates an oxygen debt

• uses glucose

• releases less energy than aerobic respiration

yeast

• produces carbon dioxide

• used in the production of beer, wine and bread

• produces ethanol

• uses glucose

• releases less energy than aerobic respiration

photosynthesis word equation

photosynthesis balanced symbol equation

is photosynthesis endothermic or exothermic

photosynthesis is endothermic

LEAF STRUCTURE: function of waxy cuticle and upper epidermis

prevents water from evaporating off the leaf

LEAF STRUCTURE: function of spongy mesophyll tissue

contain some chloroplasts for photosynthesis+ large surface area to make diffusion of gases easier.

LEAF STRUCTURE : function of stomata

allow gases to move in and out of leaf

LEAF STRUCTURE: FUNCTION OF GAURD CELLS

control opening and closing of stomata

LEAF STRUCTURE: function of vascular bundle

contains xylem+ phloem.

xylem- transports water to leaf.

phloem- transport sugar away from leaf.

LEAF STRUCTURE: function of air spaces

make diffusion of gases easier

LEAF STRUCTURE: function of palisade mesophyll tissue

contains lots of chloroplasts which carry out photosynthesis