Molecular Ecology Part 1

chromosomes

physical structures within living cells that contain genetic material

Genomes

the entire complement of genetic material in an organism or species including its chromosomes, genes, and non-coding sequences.

roles of genetic material

• information

• transmission

• replication

• variation

eukaryotic chromosomes

• linear

• diploid

• tens of millions to hundreds of millions of base pairs (Mb) in length

• genes are spread out throughout the the chromo hundred-several thousand different genes

• contains a centromere (recognition site for kinetochore protein)

• telomere contain specialized

Diploid

somatic cells contain 2 set of chromosomes

phylogeography

Understand how historical events have helped shape the current geographical dist of alleles, pop, and spec

Central Dogma of genetics

1. genes are dna segments with gen info to make proteins

2. transcribed into messenger RNAs in transcription

3. mRNAs used as templates for syn of proteins

Translation

-sequence of codons within mRNA provides info to syth the sequence of amino acids

synonymous change

change in DNA sequence of a codon that does not result in a change in the amino acid specifies by codon

Importance:

nonsynonymous

change in DNA sequence of a codon that does result in a change in the amino acid specifies by codon

Non/synonymous ration

dN/dS= 1 → no constraint on protein sequence

dN/dS <1 → func constraint on protein (purifying negative selection)

dN/dS >1 → change in function of protein sequence (diversifying or positive selection)

importance: CAN CALC what GENES matter

convergent evolution