chapter 18

Prophase

Centrioles, which have previously replicated, move to opposite ends of the cell, creating spindle fibers between them

How many types of cells are there

MILLIONS

Cardiovascular system functions

Transports oxygen, co2, delivers nutrients and hormones and removes waste materials

Prometaphase

The nuclear membrane begins to dissolve, and the centrioles move to the poles of the cell.

Metaphase

The chromosomes move to the middle and line up along the center of the cell as the spindle. This center is called the equatorial plate.

Anaphase

The new daughter chromosomes, which are termed chromatids, begin to move to the opposite ends of the cell and away from each other.

Telophase

The chromatids are now at two far ends of the cell. Cytoplasm division occurs (cytokinesis occurs immediately after), and the mitosis process is completed

Prophase 1

Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material (crossing over)

Metaphase 1

Homologous pairs line up along the middle of the cell

Anaphase 1

Homologous pairs pull apart to opposite sides of the cell

Telophase 1

The cell divides into two new cells, and nuclear membranes may reform

Prophase 2

Chromosomes condense again in the two new cells

Metaphase 2

Individual chromosomes line up along the middle of each cell

Anaphase 2

Sister chromatids pull apart to opposite sides of the cell

Endoplasmic reticulum

A tubular network that is attached to the nuclear membrane. Has two versions, rough ER with ribosomes or smooth ER w/o ribosomes

Ribosomes

Responsible for the productions of proteins within a cell

Golgi apparatus

Saclike membranous structure that sorts, modifies and transports various proteins through the cell

Four types of tissues

Epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve

Epithelial Tissue

Flat and Sheetlike in appearance, forms the outer layer of skin, walls of body cavities and surface of organs. Functions include absorption, secretion, excretion and protection

Connective tissue

Functions are support network of organs, cover muscles and connect muscles to bones and bones to joints.

Connective tissue proper

Either lose like adipose (fat) or dense like collagen

Fluid connective tissue

Both blood and lymph

Mitochondria

Powerhouse. Makes Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) for cellular energy

Supporting connective tissue

Cartilage and bone

Types of muscle tissue

Striated (striped in appearance and voluntary), smooth muscle (involuntary), and cardiac muscle tissue (heart muscles, striated)

Lysosomes

Considered the “stomach” of the cell. Sites of digestion of proteins, lipids and carbs. Anything not digested is removed through the cell membrane

Centrioles

Paired organelles found lying at 90° angles near nucleus. Involved in cell division

Striated muscle tissue

Stripped in appearance and forms voluntary muscles. Controlled by conscious thought e.g. bicep and tricep muscles

Smooth muscle

Involuntary, not controlled by conscious thought, but controlled by autonomic nervous system. E.g. hollow organs like stomach.

Cardiac muscle tissue

Specialized form of striated muscle under autonomic nervous system control

Telophase 2

The cells divide again, resulting in four unique haploid daughter cells.

Nerve tissue

Composed of neurons. Has two properties, excitability and conductivity.

Integumentary system

Protective membrane, temp regulator and sensory receptor (skin)

Passive transport

Transport in and out of cell not needing energy. Ex. Diffusion, osmosis and filtration

Diffusion

Movement of dissolved particles from greater concentration to less concentration until evenly distributed

Osmosis

Form of diffusion where water passes through membrane from areas of greater concentration to lesser

Filtration

Needs some form of pressure to diffuse dissolved particles through membranes

Active transport

Requires cellular energy to carry materials from areas of lesser concentration to greater concentration

Pinocyrosis

Cell “drinks” the fluid needed. Form of active transport

Electrolyte

Molecule that conducts electricity. When dissolved in water, breaks down into + ions (cations) and - ions (anions)

Electrolyte control organ

Kidney

Metabolism

Chemical processes in the body to maintain life. Production and release of energy. Energy needed for replenishing cells, dmg repair and environment accomodations

Anabolism

Process of metabolism, reactions building up things. Like atoms to molecules. Needs energy

Catabolism

Process if breaking down larger units to smaller. Molecules to atoms. Digestion is an example. Catabolism releases energy.

Congenital disorder

Genetic disorder that is present and may be diagnosed at birth

Albinism

Recessive, lack of pigment in skin, hair and eyes. Photophobia, prone to sunburn

Cleft palate

Defect of roof of mouth. Causes a passageway between mouth and nasal cavities. Affects women more.

Color deficiency

Difficulty distinguishing reds and greens. Sex linked.

Cystic fibrosis

Causes mucus to be sticky, dry and dense. Passages in lungs and pancreas get obstructed.

Down syndrome (trisomy 21)

Extra chromosome present at 21st chromosomal pair. Occurs during meiosis and cellular reproduction.

Fragile X Syndrome (Martin-bell, marker X and FRAXA)

Developmental delays, mental retardation, behavioral and emotional difficulties. Mutation in FMR-1 gene.

Klinefelter’s syndrome

Male. Small and firm testes, small penis, tall stature, weak bones, low energy, breast tissue.

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Recessive gene, body unable to oxidize amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine. Can result in brain damage.

Spina bifida

Vertebrae in spine do not form correctly around spinal cord. Spinal cord and membranes can protrude outside of body. Most common on lumbar region.

Talipes

Foot deformity. “Clubfoot”

Tay-Sachs disease (TSD)

Targets nervous system. Slowly becomes paralyzed, lack of smiling and movement. Then total paralysis occurs

Turner’s syndrome

All or part of one X chromosomes becomes lost before or after conception. Intellectual impairment. Short in stature