AP Human Geography: Unit 4 Test

What is are some examples of compact states?

Poland, Rwanda

What are some examples of fragmented states?

Indonesia, Philippines, USA, Russia, Azerbaijan, Angola, Japan

What are some examples of prorupted states?

Thailand, Namibia, D. R. Congo, India

What are some examples of perforated states?

South Africa, Italy

What are some examples of landlocked states?

Botswana, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uzbekistan, Rwanda

What are some examples of unitary states?

France

What are some examples of federal states?

Poland

What type of gerrymandering spreads opposition supporters across many districts but in the minority?

wasted vote

What type of gerrymandering concentrates opposition supporters into a few districts?

excess vote

What type of gerrymandering links distant areas of like-minded voters through oddly shaped boundaries?

stacked vote

What is are some examples of micro-states?

Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahrain, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Kiribati Lichtenstein, Maldives, Malta, Micronesia Monaco, Singapore

What are some pros and cons of compact states?

pros: easy to govern, easy to communicate

cons: small, may lack resources

What are some pros and cons of elongated states?

pros: access to natural resources

cons: disruption in communication, hard to govern the entire country

What are some pros and cons of fragmented states?

pros: more land, difficult to conquer

cons: lack of communication

What are some pros and cons of prorupted states?

pros: access to water or natural resource

cons: disruption in communication, split into groups

What are some pros and cons of perforated states?

pros: possible ally, economic control over other state

cons: dependent on each other

What are some pros and cons of landlocked states?

pros: none

cons: lack of ports, difficult to trade, must rely on other countries

What is devolution and how does it differ from balkanization?

movement of power from the central government to regional government within the state. it may lead to balkanization but it's more peaceful.

What is geopolitics?

a branch of political geography... analyzes how states behave as political and territorial systems

What is a supranationalist organization?

an alliance of three or more countries where everyone benefits and individual countries will have to give up some power

What are boundaries based on latitude and longitude?

geometric boundary

What are some examples of geometric boundaries?

U.S.A and Canada

What are some example of mountain boundaries?

Andes Mountain

What are some examples of desert boundaries?

the Sahara

What are some examples of water boundaries?

common in East Africa

What type of boundary is a lined layed down for political reasons?

superimposed boundary

What are some examples of superimposed boundaries?

Iraq after the 1919 Treaty of Versailles and most of Africa, North and South Korea

What type of boundary is a line resulting from conflict or cultural changes?

subsequent boundary

What are some examples of subsequent boundaries?

German-Polish border after 1945

What type of boundary is a former state boundaries that still have political or cultural meaning?

relic boundary

What are some examples of relic boundaries?

Great Wall of China, Berlin Wall, Scotland-England border after 1652

What type of boundary are lines that exist from prehistoric times?

antecedent boundary

What are some examples of antecedent boundaries?

Himalayan Mountains Between China and India; Pyrenees Mountains between Spain and France

What are some examples of language boundaries?

France and Germany

What are some examples of religious boundaries?

India and Pakistan

What border dispute is when border treaties are interpreted two different ways by states?

definitional border dispute

What are some examples of definitional border disputes?

Argentina and Chile over the Andes Mountains; India and Pakistan over Kashmir;

What border dispute is when the border moves?

locational border dispute

What are some examples of locational border disputes?

between the states that have the Louisiana River as a boundary; India - Bangladesh territory along the Ganges - Brahmaputra River Delta, Rio Grande in the U.S.

What border dispute is when borders are agreed to, but passage across becomes a problem?

operational border dispute

What are some examples of operational border disputes?

U.S.A after September 1, 2001

What border dispute is when a resource lies on two sides of a border?

allocational border dispute

What are some examples of allocational border disputes?

Iraq and Kuwait, Mexico - United States river allocations for irrigation and drinking water on the Colorado River

What is the Rimland theory?

belief that the area surrounding the Heartland is most important for political power; water, Britain (Spykman; British/American school)

What is the Heartland theory?

belief that whoever controls Eastern Europe, Northern and Central Asia controls the world; important area because of the Eastern European steppe, a very productive farmland (Mackinder; British/ American school)

What is the Organic theory?

countries must expand their land base in order to maintain strength and stability, countries that did not expand died (Friedrich Ratzel, German school, late 1800s)

What is the Shatterbelt theory?

Heartland = pivot theory, Rimland = Inner Crescent, rest of the world becomes "outer crescent" (Saul Cohen, American)

What are several inner crescent areas of geopolitical weakness (Eastern Europe; balkanization)?

shatterbelt

What are the economic alliances?

European Union (EU), Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

What are the militaristic alliances?

NATO (North American Treaty Organization)

What are the political alliances?

Commonwealth of Nations, Organization of American States (OAS), Organization of African Unity (OAU or AU), League of Arab States

What is people united by a common descent, history, culture, or language?

nation

What is a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality?

nation-state

What are some examples of nation-states?

Japan

What is a state that contains two ethnic groups with traditions of self determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities?

multi-national state

What are examples of multi-national states?

Belgium, Russia

What is a state that contains more than one ethnicity?

multi-ethnic state

study notes, frqs, and vocab

blackboard and quizlet

What are some examples of multi-ethnic states?

United States