Principles of Biomedical Science - 3.2 and 4.1 Study Guide

What does the primary assessment tell about a patient?

it determines whether the patient has any life-threatening health conditions

What does the secondary assessment tell about a patient?

it allows for a deeper look at the patient with patient history and vital signs

What was the hiker allergic to?

tree nuts, bee stings, and latex

Was the hiker responsive?

no, she was unconscious and unresponsive

What was the hiker having an allergic reaction to?

a bee sting on her right hand

Where was the hiker bleeding from?

her left humerus and right knee

Did the hiker have a pupillary response?

yes

How was the hiker’s blood pressure?

hypotensive

What was the hiker’s heart rate?

106 bpm

What is skin turgor?

the elasticity of the skin that tests for dehydration

How is skin turgor tested?

by pinching skin - if it stays pinched after letting go, then the patient is dehydrated and if it goes back to how it was before, the

What are some impacts of anaphylaxis?

swelling/constriction of airways, dizziness, nausea, swelling of face, low blood pressure, and dilation of blood vessels

What medication is used to treat anaphylaxis and how does it work?

Epinephrine is reduces the body’s allergic response and IV antihistamines reduce inflammation of air passages to improve breathing

What is isotonic?

when the concentration of solutes outside of the cell is the same as in the cell; there is no movement of water

What is hypotonic?

when the concentration of solutes outside of the cell is less than in the cell; water moves into the cell, making it swell

What is hypertonic?

when the concen

Why do hospitals use saline solutions to hydrate patients instead of distilled water?

giving distilled water could cause cells to become hypotonic, which will cause them to swell and burst, possibly leading to death

What factors contribute to the urgency with which a patient must be treated in an emergency room?

the severity of the illness/injury, vitals, medical records, symptoms, time sensitivity, etc

What is emergent?

highest priority; care needed immediately as the patient may not survive without treatment

What is urgent?

care needed quickly but can be delayed temporarily

What is semi-urgent?

care is needed but can wait if other higher priority patients exist

What is non-urgent?

lowest priority; minor conditions which are not time-sensitive and care is not needed immediately

How do you think solid modeling can be used to innovate in medicine?

it can be used to create three-dimensional images of prosthetics or another body part of a patient

What is regenerative medicine?

a broad field that includes tissue engineering but also incorporates research on self-healing

What techniques are used to generate human tissue?

using an existing scaffold - the cells of a donor organ are stripped and the remaining collagen scaffold is used to grow new tissue

What is the donation dilemma?

the supply of organ donations doesn’t meet the demand - even if a donor consents to having their organs donated, they’d have to be in a hospital with a respirator to keep the flow of oxygen after they die

What human tissues can be transplanted?

blood vessels, bone, cartilage, corneas, heart valves, skin, and tendons

How do you determine if you are a “match” for transplantation?

blood type, crossmatch, and HLA testing

What are alternatives to transplantation?

ghost organs and bioprinting

Describe ways to prevent disease, disorder, or injury

not smoking/stopping smoking, having a healthy diet, exercising, wearing protective gear, etc

Prevention vs. Treatment

prevention is to avoid and stop an illness/injury from happening while treatment helps the patient go back to a previous state of health

What is primary prevention?

strategies to stop injury, illness, or disease from occurring

What is secondary prevention?

strategies for early detection, diagnosis, and prompt treatment to prevent the development of more severe issues

What is tertiary prevention?

strategies to support and rehabilitate individuals with serious illness