Henretta's America's History 8th Edition Chapter 31 Terms

Al Qaeda

A network of radical Islamic terrorists organized by Osama bin Laden, who issued a call for a holy war against Americans and their allies. Members were responsible for the 9/11 terrorist attacks.

globalization

The spread of political, cultural, and economic influences and connections among countries, businesses, and individuals around the world through trade, immigration, communication, and other means.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

International economic body established in 1995 through the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade to enforce substantial tariff and import quota reductions.

Group of Eight (G8)

An international organization of the leading capitalist industrial nations: the USA, Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Canada, and Russia. This organization largely controlled the world's major international financial organizations: the World Bank, the IMF, and the GATT.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

A 1993 treaty that eliminated all tariffs and trade barriers among the USA, Canada, and Mexico.

multinational corporations

Corporations with offices and factories in multiple countries, which expanded to find new markets and cheaper sources of labor.

Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

A decentralized computer network developed in the late 1960s by the US Department of Defense in conjunction with MIT.

World Wide Web

A collection of interlinked computer servers that debuted in 1991, allowing access by millions to documents, pictures, and other materials.

culture war

A term used by Patrick Buchanan in 1992 to describe a long-standing political struggle, dating to the 1920s, between religious traditionalists and secular liberals. Social issues such as abortion rights and the rights of lesbians and gay men divided these groups.

Immigration and Nationality Act

A 1965 law that eliminated the discriminatory 1924 nationality quotas, established a slightly higher total limit on immigration, included provisions to ease the entry of immigrants with skills in high demand, and allowed immediate family members of legal residents in the US to be admitted outside of the total numerical limit.

Multiculturalism

The promotion of diversity in gender, race, ethnicity, religion, and sexual preference.

Proposition 209

A proposition approved by California voters in 1996 that outlawed affirmative action in state employment and public education.

Operation Rescue

A movement founded by religious activist Randall Terry in 1987 that mounted protests outside abortion clinics and harassed their staffs and clients.

Defense of Marriage Act

A law enacted by Congress in 1998 that allowed states to refuse gay marriages or civil unions formed in other jurisdictions. The Supreme Court declared this unconstitutional in 2013.

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services

1989 Supreme Court ruling that upheld the authority of state governments to limit the use of public funds and facilities for abortions.

Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey

A 1992 Supreme Court case that upheld a law requiring a twenty-four-hour waiting period prior to an abortion. Although the decision upheld certain restrictions on abortions, it affirmed the "essential holding" in Roe v. Wade (1973) that women had a constitutional right to control their reproduction.

Lawrence v. Texas

A 2003 landmark decision by the Supreme Court that limited the power of states to prohibit private homosexual activity between consenting adults.

Contract with America

Initiatives by Representative Newt Gingrich of Georgia for significant tax cuts, reductions in welfare programs, anticrime measures, and cutbacks in federal regulations.

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act

Legislation signed by president Clinton in 1996 that replaced Aid to Families with dependent Children, the major welfare program dating to the New Deal Era, with temporary Assistance for Needy Families.

Economic Growth and Tax Relief Act

Legislation introduced by president George W. Bush and passed in Congress in 2001 that slashed income tax rates, extended the earned tax to be phased out by 2010.

USA PATRIOT Act

A 2001 law that gave the government new powers to monitor suspected terrorists and their associates.

Abu Ghraib Prison

A prison outside of Baghdad, Iraq, where American guards were photographed during Iraq War abusing and torturing suspected insurgents.

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

An economic stimulus bill passed in 2009, in response to the Great Recession, that provided $787 billion to state and local governments for schools, hospitals, and transportation projects

Tea Party

A set of far-right opposition groups that emerged during President Obama's first term and gave voice to the extreme individualism and antigovernment sentiment traditionally associated with right-wing movements in the US.

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Sweeping 2010 health-care reform bill championed by President Obama that established nearly universal health insurance by providing subsidies and compelling larger businesses to offer coverage to employees.

Osama bin Laden

(1957-2011) Founder of al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks.

William (Bill) Clinton

This Democrat served as president from 1993 to 2001, during a period of intense partisanship in the US government. His plan to provide universal health care to all Americans was defeated by Republican Newt Gingrich's "Contract with America" movement and a well-organized opposition from the doctors' lobbying organization (the American Medical Association). His few domestic and international successes were overshadowed by the Monica Lewinsky sex scandal that led to his impeachment and eventual acquittal.

Hillary Rodham Clinton

#CHILLARY

#justchillininCedarRapids

Prominent child care advocate and health care reformer in Clinton administration; won U.S. senate seat in 2000; director of a task force charged with redesigning the medical-service industry.

Newt Gingrich

After the disagreement in the federal government over the budget between Republican leaders and the president, Public opinion turned quickly and powerfully against the Republican leadership and against much of its agenda. This controversial Republican Speaker of the House, quickly became one of the most unpopular political leaders in the nation, while President Clinton slowly improved his standing in the polls.

Monica Lewinsky

1990s; had affair with Clinton who denied it under oath, but there was physical evidence; he was impeached for perjury and his resulting political battles kept him from being productive in his final term paving way for the seemingly moral Bush in 2000.

George W. Bush

He was the Republican nominee in the election of 2000. He was the eldest son of George H. W. Bush. Many people found him to be reckless and more of a divider rather than a uniter. He challenged research on global warming, didn't support abortions, limited research on embryonic stem cells, and allowed Vice President Cheney to hammer out his administration's energy policy behind closed doors.

Saddam Hussein

Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction.

Barack Obama #bae

2008; Democrat; first African American president of the US, health care bill; Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster; economy: huge stimulus package to combat the great recession, is removing troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell; New Start treaty with Russia.