Endogenic processes

stupidly comprehensive

Tectonics

study of the process es that deform the Earths crust

Continental drift

also called Plate Tectonic theory

Alfred Wegener

Proposed the Plate Tectonic theory

Plate Tectonic Theory

theory that suggested that all continents were once part of a super continent called Pangea and was surrounded by Panthalassa

Continents fit together like puzzles
The same animals’ fossils are everywhere
Magnetic properties of the rocks

Factors that helped support his theory:

Harold Jeffreys

Contradicted Alfred Wegeners theory
Proposed the Plate Tectonics theory

Plate Tectonic Theory

Theory that proposes Earths rigid outher surface consists of seven large and numerous smaller segments called plates

Asthenosphere

Where the plates rest on
Viscous and Fluid like

Unequal distribution of heat

What causes the movement of the plates

Convection force

Driving force for plate movements is the

Convection force

Term for the type of force where warm buoyant rocks rise and the cooler materials sink
Also explains mechanisms of movement of tectonic plates

Plate Boundary

fracture separating one plate from another

Convergent boundary

Type of plate boundary
plates move toward each other

subduction zones

Another term for the convergent boundary

Oceanic-continental

type of convergent boundary

Forms trenches, destructive earthquakes and rapid uplift of mountain ranges
Example is the Cascades of the USA

Oceanic-Oceanic

type of convergent boundary

Forms trenches and made the Mariana Islands

continental-continental

type of convergent boundary

forms mountain ranges and made the Himalayan mountain range

divergent boundary

Type of plate boundary
also known as the spreading center or rift
2 plates moving apart

ocean ridge

part of the divergent boundary
formed when the seafloor elevates due to the uplifting of hot magma
Characterized by the rugged togopragphy

Rift valley

part of the ocean ridge

the downfaulted structured along the ridge segment
formed in continental rift zones

Continental rifting

process in divergent boundaries

divergent plate boundary splits apart continental crusts

transform plate boundary

Type of Plate Boundary
forms when plates slide horizontally past one another
an example is the San Andreas fault

Ocean Basin

Part of the ocean
Found between the continental margin and ocean ridge

Continental shelf

part of the ocean
relatively shallow, gentle sloping part of the continental crust that borders the continents

Continental slope

part of the ocean
region of the ocean that leads to deep water and is after the continental shelf

Continental break

part of the ocean
Beyond the slope and the shelf and submarine canyons are present here

Continental rise

part of the ocean
found After the slope and links the basin floor to the slope and is gradually inclined

Ocean floors

part of the ocean
formed at the base of the continental rise

oceanic ridges

topographic features
under water mountain ranges that consist of newly formed basaltic rocks

Trench

topographic feature
long narrow creases in the seafloor that form the deepest parts of the ocean( the deepest is the Mariana)

Abyssal plains

topographic feature
relatively flat under water plains covered by sediments
in between the foot of the continental rise, and oceanic ridge

seamounts

topographic feature
submarine volcanoes that emerge as islands

Guyots

topographic feature
flat topped seamounts, that subside below sea level through millions of years

Deformation

process that refers to change in the original shape and size of a rock caused by tectonic forces

convergent, divergent, and transform

3 types of plate boundaries

Compressional, tensional, shearing

3 types of tectonic forces

compressional forces

type of tectonic force
generate folding and faulting as a consequence of shortening and can be found along convergent plate boundaries

tensional forces

type of tectonic force
cause stretching and thinning of rocks resulting in faulting, common along ocean ridges

shearing forces

type of tectonic force
cause rocks to slide horizontally past one another along transform plate boundaries and results in extensive fault systems

Folding

when rocks are pushed toward each other from opposite sides

anticline

part of the fold
upward arching fold

syncline

part of the fold
downward arching old

limbs

part of fold
sides of a fold

dome

type of fold
circular anticline where the limbs dip away in all directions

basin

type of fold
circular syncline which the limbs dip toward the center

faulting

fracturing and displacement of brittle rock strata along a fault plane

dip-slip fault

type of faulting
movement is vertical

normal

type of dip-slip
hanging wall block moves down

reverse

type of dip-slip
hanging wall block moves up

strike-slip

type of fault
movement is horizontal

sinistral

type of strike-slip
left-lateral motion

dextral

type of strike slip
right lateral motion

transform

type of strike slip
movement in mid ocean ridges

volcanism

phenomenon in which molten rocks(magma) erupted from Earths interior onto the surface

volcano

vent on Earths crust

vent

hole where magma, ash, and gases are released from

crater

hole of the vent

volcanic activity

used to describe the classification of a volcano after it has erupted

Active

level of volcanic activity
erupted in the last 600 years
examples are: Taal, and Kanlaon

Philippine Institue of Volcanology and Seismology

meaning of PHIVOLCS

dormant

Level of volcanic activity
have not erupted for more than 1000 years but can still erupt
examples are Apo and Isarog

Extinct

Level of volcanic activity
Have not erupted in the past 10000 years and are unlikely to erupt
examples are Batulao and Cuyapo

Increase temperature due to friction
Addition of water to Asthenosphere
Pressure relief

Characteristics of Convergent Volcanism or the collision of plate volcanism

Increased temperature due to friction

Characteristic of convergent volcanism
Friction heats rocks as one plate moves under another
Additional heat contributes to melting

Addition of water to the asthenosphere

Characteristic of convergent volcanism
Temperature increases with depth. steam rises adding water to the hot asthenosphere above the subduction plate

Pressure relief melting

Characteristic of convergent volcanism
Melting due to pressure relief happens when rocks in the asthenosphere flow upward
Also called decompression melting

Andesitic

type of magma generated in the subduction

pressure relief melting

magma production at the divergent plate

hot spots

columns of rising mantle materials that begin to melt as they rise to lower pressure and shallower depths
also called mantle plumes

intrusive igneous rock

also called Pluton
type of rock that forms when magma does not reach the surface

intrusive volcanicity

Phenomenon that causes the formation of intrusive igneous rocks

extrusive igneous rock

type of rock that forms when magmatic bodies are expelled onto the surface

Extrusive volcanicity

phenomenon that makes extrusive igneous rocks

Solid, Liquid, Gas

the 3 main forms of volcanic materials

Water vapor, carbon dioxide, and toxic gases

Gases released by volcanoes

Lava

magma that flows out to the Earths surface

Viscosity

Characteristic that determines lava resistance to flow
affected by its composition

Pyroclasts

solid particles thrown out during volcanic eruptions

Volcanic block

size of pyroclast
large angular volcanic rock similar to pumic
Sizes of greater than 64mm

lapili

size of pyroclast
medium sized particles
ranges in between 2mm to 64mm

volcanic ash

size of pyroclast
Smaller than 2mm

volcanic dust

size of pyroclast
smaller than 0.25mm

lahar

mudflow caused by ash cloud rain

mudflow

wet cement-ish consistency type of flow

nuee ardentes

french for “Glowing cloud”
mixture of hot gas and fine ash
denser than air

ashflow tuff

mixture of volcanic ash and rock fragments

tuff

ash compacted into rock

earthquake

sudden motion of Earth

shallow focus

type of earthquake
occurs along ocean ridge systems and transform boundaries

medium focus

type of earthquake
occurs along transform and divergent boundaries

deep focus

type of earthquake
occurs along subduction zone and ocean trenches are associated here

Depth, origin, volcanic activity

3 ways earthquakes are classified

depth

classification of earthquakes
sudden displacement along a fault
also called tectonic earthquakes

origin

classification of earthquakes
occurs deep within subduction zone of colliding plates
also called plutonic earthquakes

volcanic activity

classification of earthquakes
earthquakes associated with volcanic activities and also called volcanic earthquake

Hypocenter

point of origin of earthquake below Earth surface

Epicenter

surface directly above hypocenter

seismograph

instrument used in detecting and measuring earthquakes

seismogram

record made up by a seismograph

intensity

strength of an earthquake determined by its effects on a particular place