Eukaryotic Cell

Vocabulary flashcards covering eukaryotic cell anatomy, membrane functions, endocytosis types, and organelle structures from the lecture notes.

Eukaryotic Flagella

Long, few-in-number projections needed for locomotion that move like a dog tail, rotate, and are composed of the protein tubulin.

Cilia

Short, numerous cell projections composed of the protein tubulin that function in cell movement.

Tubulin

The specific protein that composes both cilia and flagella in eukaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic Cell Wall

A carbohydrate outer layer absent in animal cells but present in plants (made of cellulose), fungi (made of chitin), and yeast (made of mannan).

Cellulose

The carbohydrate that composes the cell wall in plants.

Chitin

The carbohydrate that composes the cell wall in fungi.

Mannan

The carbohydrate that composes the cell wall in yeast.

Glycocalyx

A carbohydrate structure found in animal cells that allows cells to stick to one another.

Cholesterol

A component present within eukaryotic plasma membranes that provides rigidity.

Plasma Membrane Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates located on eukaryotic plasma membranes that function in attachment and cell-to-cell recognition.

Endocytosis

A membrane transport process unique to eukaryotic cells in which the plasma membrane engulfs molecules.

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis where pseudopods (legs) extend and engulf large particles.

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis where the plasma membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid and dissolved substances.

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which a ligand attaches to a membrane receptor, forming a vesicle that enters the cell.

Pseudopods

Leg-like extensions of the cell that extend and engulf large particles during phagocytosis.

Cytoplasm

The substance located inside the plasma membrane and outside the nucleus.

Cytosol

The fluid or liquid portion of the cytoplasm.

Cytoskeleton

An internal framework within the cytoplasm that provides shape and support to the cell.

Cytoplasmic Streaming

The movement of currents through the cell, found only in eukaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic Ribosomes

$80\text{s}$ structures composed of a large $60\text{s}$ subunit and a small $40\text{s}$ subunit, found free in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Organelles

Structures within the eukaryotic cell that perform specific functions, though not every eukaryotic cell possesses all types.

Nucleus

An organelle enclosed by a double phospholipid bilayer membrane (nuclear envelope) that contains DNA.

Nuclear Envelope

The double membrane surrounding the nucleus consisting of two phospholipid bilayers.

Histone Proteins

Proteins around which DNA is wrapped/packed to form chromatin.

Chromatin

The less-condensed form of DNA created when DNA is wrapped around histone proteins.

Chromosomes

Densely packed forms of chromatin visible when a cell needs to divide via Mitosis or Meiosis.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A network of membranes that helps manufacture and transport molecules around the cell.

Rough ER

Endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes that makes and modifies proteins.

Smooth ER

Endoplasmic reticulum lacking ribosomes that synthesizes cell membranes, fats, and hormones.

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle that receives vesicles from the ER, modifies, stores, and targets materials to other parts of the cell via secretory vesicles.

Lysosomes

Vesicles formed in the Golgi containing digestive enzymes that break down harmful or unwanted substances in the cell.

Vacuoles

Structures in plant cells that provide shape and function in the storage of food.

Peroxisomes

Organelles that destroy $H_2O_2$ (hydrogen peroxide), a byproduct of cellular respiration, preventing cellular damage.

Centrosomes

Networks of protein fibers and centrioles that are important during cell division.

Mitochondria

Double-membrane organelles involved in respiration and ATP production, containing inner membrane folds called cristae and a fluid filled matrix.

Cristae

The inner membrane folds of a mitochondrion.

Matrix

The fluid enclosed within the inner membrane folds (cristae) of a mitochondrion.

Chloroplast

A plant cell organelle that contains thylakoids and chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis.

Thylakoids

Flattened membranes contained inside chloroplasts.