EXERCISE 5: PLANT CELL DIVISION

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35 Terms

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interphase and mitosis

cell cycle is divided into two:

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Interphase

normal resting cell state

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chromatin

In interphase, __________ is undifferentiated.

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centromere

In the synthesis of s-phase during the interphase, chromosome is duplicated and consist of 2 sister chromatid joined together by a specific DNA sequence known as _____________.

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Mitosis

mechanism that allows the nuclei of cell to split and each daughter cell with a complete set of chromosome

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Prophase

first stage of mitosis

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chromatids

PROPHASE: When cells divide, chromatin condenses to form chromosomes which split into two identical strands called _________

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cytoskeleton

PROPHASE: ___________ begins to disassemble, and the biotic spindle begins to form outside the nucleus at opposite ends of the cell

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nuclear envelope

PROPHASE: the ___________________ fragments, and the nucleolus disintegrates

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Prophase

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Metaphase

Chromosomes attached to the kinetochore (specialized protein complex) microtubules, begin to align in one plane halfway between the spindle pole, where centromeres are in a plane roughly in the center of the cell.

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kinetochore microtubule

METAPHASE: The ___________________________ exert tension on the chromosome, and the entire spindle chromosome complex is now ready for the next event

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Metaphase

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Anaphase

The two halves of each chromosome (sister chromatids) are pulled part by the spindle apparatus and migrate to the opposite spindle post

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kinetochore microtubule

The ___________________________________________ shorten as the chromosome are pulled towards the poles while the pole microtubule elongate to assist in the separation

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daughter chromosomes

After the chromatids after separated at their centromeres are called

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Anaphase

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Telophase

daughter chromosome arrive at the spindle pole and are eventually redistributed into chromatin

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Cytokinesis

where the cytoplasm is divided by cleavage, also starts sometime in late anaphase and continues through telophase

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nuclear membrane

After complete separation of the chromosome and their extrusion to the spindle pole, the ______________ begins to reform around each group of chromosome; nucleoli reappear; many of the spindle fibers disintegrate; and a cell plate forms

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2 new daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nuclues

what is formed in mitosis?

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ordinary tissue growth

Where is mitosis used?

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four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

result of meiosis

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production of gametes and plant spores

where is meiosis applicable?

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Meiosis I - Prophase I

parts of the chromatids of the homologous chromosomes break and are exchanged with each other (cross -over)

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Crossing-over

results in an exchange of some of the DNA contributed by the two parents, which is the basis for some of the variability seen in the offspring

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chiasma

An X-shaped figure called a _____________________ results from each crossover.

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Meiosis I - Anaphase I

the nuclear envelope and the nucleolus have disassociated and disappeared, and spindle fibers (microtubules having the appearance of fine threads) are beginning to form.

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Meiosis I - Metaphase I

When the chromosomes move to the invisible, circular, plate-like equator, homologous chromosomes are lined up directly opposite one another on each side of the equator

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Meiosis I - Anaphase I

the chromatids of each chromosome remain cohered at their centromeres and do not separate from one another. Whole chromosome from each pair migrates to an opposite pole.; They still consist of two chromatids, but only half the total number of chromosomes is at each pole.

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Meiosis I - Telophase I

Each cell has one of the replicated chromosome from each homologous pair chromosomes.

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Meiosis II - Prophase II

Chromosomes become shorter and thicker, and their two - stranded nature once more becomes apparent

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Meiosis II - Metaphase II

The centromeres of the chromosomes become aligned along the equator. New spindles become conspicuous and complete.

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Meiosis II - Anaphase II

The centromeres and chromatids of each chromosome separate and migrate to opposite poles

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Meiosis II - Telophase II

coils of the chromosomes relax so they become longer and thinner. New nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear for each group of chromosomes; The set of chromosomes present in each of the four cells formed by the end constitutes half the original number, and none of the four cells will have exactly the same combination of DNA.