GENBIO PPT BOTANY 23

Botany

The scientific study of plants, including their structure, growth, classification, and factors influencing their development.

Plant Science

Another term for botany, the study of plants and their characteristics.

Botanist

A person who specializes in the field of botany and studies plants.

Theophrastus

Referred to as the "Father of Plant Science," known for his works "History of Plants" and "Causes of Plants."

Aristotle

Considered the "Founder of Plant Science," he highlighted the differences between plant and animal life.

Plant Characteristics

Multicellular living organisms with various shapes, sizes, lifespans, green color, and diverse habitats and reproduction methods.

Autotrophs

Plants that utilize light energy to convert it into chemical energy and exhibit tropism.

Tropism

The growth response of plants to environmental stimuli like light (phototropism), gravity (gravitropism), touch (thigmotropism), chemicals (chemotropism), and water (hydrotropism).

Geotropism

Plant growth response towards (positive) or away from (negative) gravity.

Hydrotropism

Plant growth response towards water availability.

Unifying Themes of Plants

Plants are integrated organisms that exchange energy, respond to the environment, reproduce, and share common ancestry.

Plant Classification

Categorization of plants into Kingdom Plantae, Vascular Plants, Seed-bearing (Gymnosperms, Angiosperms), and Spore-bearing (Mosses, Liverworts).

Gymnosperms

Seed plants without flowers, bearing seeds on cones, including pine, spruce, and fir trees.

Angiosperms

Seed plants producing flowers and seeds enclosed in fruits, exhibiting monocot and dicot characteristics.

Monocotyledon and Dicotyledon

Two main groups of angiosperms distinguished by characteristics like leaves, roots, veins, and flower parts.

Dicot

Plants with two cotyledons in their seeds, netlike veins in their leaves, and flower parts in multiples of four or five.

Monocot

Plants with one cotyledon in their seeds, parallel veins in their leaves, and flower parts in multiples of three.

Veins

Networks of vascular tissue found in leaves, either parallel in monocots or netlike in dicots.

Vascular

Relating to the transport of fluids, such as water and nutrients, within a plant.

Fibrous

Referring to roots that form a dense network of thin roots without a main central root.

Floral

Pertaining to flowers or the reproductive structures of plants.

Cotyledon

The embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, providing nutrients to the developing seedling.

Embryos

The early stage of development in a plant or animal before birth or hatching.

Stems

The main body or stalk of a plant that supports leaves, flowers, and fruits.

Roots

The part of a plant that typically lies below the surface of the soil and absorbs water and nutrients.

Venation

The arrangement of veins in a leaf.

Flowers

The reproductive structures of angiosperms, typically containing male and female parts for reproduction.

Taproot

A main central root that grows vertically downward and gives off smaller lateral roots.

Endosperm

The tissue inside a seed that provides nutrients to the developing plant embryo.

Petiole

The stalk that attaches a leaf to the stem of a plant.

Midrib

The central vein running down the center of a leaf.

Blade

The broad, flat part of a leaf where photosynthesis occurs.

Stipules

Small leaf-like structures at the base of a leaf stalk.

Simple leaf

A leaf that is not divided into smaller leaflets.

Compound leaf

A leaf composed of multiple leaflets attached to a single leaf stalk.

Fleshy leaves

Leaves that are thick and store water, often found in succulent plants.

Tuber

A modified stem that stores nutrients and can grow into a new plant, like potatoes.

Rhizome

Large creeping underground stems, such as ginger, used for storage and reproduction.

Runner / Stolons

Aboveground stems that grow horizontally and can develop into new plants, like in strawberries.

Tap Root

The main central root of a plant that grows downward with smaller lateral roots sprouting from it.

Fibrous Root

A root system made up of thin, branching roots growing from the stem.

Adventitious Root

Roots that form on plant parts other than the main root system.

Buttress Root

Large roots that support tall trees and gather nutrients, often found in rainforests.

Stamen

The male reproductive part of a flower, consisting of the anther and filament.

Pistil / Carpel

The female reproductive part of a flower, including the stigma, style, and ovary.

Complete Flower

A flower that contains all four sets of floral parts - petals, sepals, pistil, and stamen.

Incomplete Flower

A flower missing one or more of the sets of floral parts.

Fruit

The seed-bearing structure in flowering plants, found in Angiosperms.

Simple Fruit

Develops from a single ovary of one flower, like apples or oranges.

Aggregate Fruit

Forms from multiple ovaries of the same flower, like blackberries or grapes.

Multiple Fruit

Develops from ovaries of several flowers fused together, like pineapples or mulberries.

Seed

A small plant embryo enclosed in a protective seed coat, essential for plant reproduction.

Seed Coat

The protective outer layer of a seed that varies in thickness depending on the seed type.

Botany

The scientific study of plants.

Seed Organs

Parts of a seed responsible for reproduction and growth.

Endosperm

Tissue inside a seed that provides nutrition to the developing plant embryo.

Seed Leaves

Leaves that emerge from a seed upon germination.

Epicotyl

The part of a plant embryo that develops into the upper stem and leaves.

Hypocotyl

The part of a plant embryo that develops into the lower stem and roots.

Radicle

The embryonic root of a plant.

Stem

The main body of a plant that supports leaves, flowers, and fruits.

Embryo

The early stage of development in a plant seed.

Roots

The underground part of a plant that absorbs water and nutrients.

Cotyledon

Seed leaf that provides nutrients to the developing plant.

Flower

The reproductive structure of a plant.

Seed Coat

Protective outer covering of a seed.

Fruit

The mature ovary of a flowering plant.

Monocot

A type of seed with one cotyledon.

Dicot

A type of seed with two cotyledons.

Plant Development

The process of growth and maturation in plants.

Pollination

The transfer of pollen from stamen to stigma for fertilization.

Seed Maturation

The process of seeds reaching full development.

Seed Dormancy

A period where seeds do not germinate even under favorable conditions.

Germination

The process of a seed sprouting and beginning to grow.

Plant Growth

Increase in size and development of a plant.

Plant Maturation

The stage where a plant reaches full development.

Thorns

Modified branches with sharp points for defense.

Spines

Modified leaves that are sharp for defense.

Auxin

A plant hormone that promotes stem elongation and inhibits lateral bud growth.

Gibberellins

Plant hormones that regulate various growth processes in plants.

Parthenocarpy

Development of fruit without fertilization.

Grafting

Joining the shoot system of one plant to the root system of another.

Cutting

A method of plant propagation using cuttings from stems, leaves, or roots.

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll.

Light Reactions

The initial stage of photosynthesis where solar energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

Dark Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

The stage of photosynthesis where ATP and NADPH produced in light reactions are used to convert CO2 into organic molecules like glucose.

Chlorophyll

The green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

NADPH

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a molecule that carries electrons for use in chemical reactions.

Calvin Cycle

The series of chemical reactions in the dark reactions of photosynthesis that produce sugars from CO2, ATP, and NADPH.

Carbon Fixation

The process of converting inorganic carbon (CO2) into organic compounds during photosynthesis.

Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP)

A molecule crucial in the Calvin Cycle for carbon fixation.

Calvin Cycle

A series of chemical reactions that take place in the chloroplasts during photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.