Exam 2 patho ch.7

Proliferation

Generation of new daughter cells divided from progenitor (parent cells)

Differentiation

Orderly process of cellular maturation to achieve a specific function

anaplasia

Loss of cellular differentiation

Carcinogenesis

Origin and development of cancerous neoplasms, Types of gene mutation affecting cell growth and division

Gene variants

Inherited differences in genes that are not mutations but can affect cell growth and division

Carcinogens

Radiation
Hormones
Chemicals
Tobacco
Microbes

Autonomy

Unregulated proliferation of neoplasm

Anaplasia

Loss of cell differentiation and function

Benign tumors

Remain localized
 Closely resemble tissue of origin

Malignant tumors

Are invasive and destructive
 Proliferate rapidly
 Spread to other sites (metastasize)
 Do not resemble tissue of origin

TX

Primary tumor can not be evaluated

T0

No evidence primary tumor 

Tis

Carcinoma in situ (early cancer that has not spread to neighboring tissue)

T1, T2, T3, T4

Size or extent of the primary tumor

NX

Regional lymph nodes cannot be evaluated

N0

No regional lymph node involvement (no cancer found in the lymph nodes)

N1, N2, N3

Involvement of regional lymph nodes (number and/or extent of spread)

MX

Distant metastasis cannot be evaluated

M0

No distant metastasis (cancer has not spread to other parts of the body)

M1

Distant metastasis (cancer has spread to distant parts of the body)

General Manifestations of
Cancer

Lymphadenopathy(disease affecting the lymph nodes)
 Fever
 Anorexia
 Cachexia
 Palpable mass
 Loss of tissue function–variable
depending on site

Treatment of Cancer

Surgery
 Chemotherapy
 Radiation
 Hormones Immunotherapy
 Bone marrow transplantation
 Palliative care

Brain Cancer

Metastasis much more common to brain than primary tumors
 Primary tumors
 Gliomas
 Meningiomas
 Pituitary adenomas
 Acoustic neuromas

Lung cancer 

Leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide 

Smoking and industrial exposures often implicated
 Tumors originate most frequently in the epithelial lining of the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
 4 subtypes: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell, large
cell, and small cell carcinomas

Lymphoma

derived from WBCs and lymph tissues and form solid organ tumors in the lymph tissue and later in the bone marrow