Advanced Biology - Quiz 2

Macromolecules

large biological molecule

examples of macromolecules

proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.

monomers

repeating units of a polymer. They’re joined together by chemical bonds

Polymers

Large molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds 

Macromonomers are built

dehydration - joins monomers into polymer by removing water

Macromonomers are degraded

hydrolisis - breaks polymer into monomer by adding water

Carbohydrates (monomer & polymer)

monosaccharides (glucose) & polysaccharides (startch, glycogen)

Lipids (monomer & polymer)

no repeating units & made of glycerol + fatty acid (phosphate = phosolipids) 

Proteins (monomer & polymer)

mono - amino acids, poly - polypeptides, folded into functional proteins

Nucleic Acids (monomer & polymer)

mono - nucleotides (sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base) poly - DNA or RNA

carbohydrates (structures) 

• ring-shaped structures 

  • monosaccharides 

  • disaccharides

  • polysaccharides

• branched or linear

Lipids (structures) 

• Long hydrocarbon chains (hydrophobic) 

• Triglycerides (3 fatty acids + glycerol) 

• Phospholipids (hydrophilic head + hydrophobic tails) - bilayer

Proteins (structures) 

• Folded polypeptides 

• Four Structural 

  • Primary: amino acids

  • Secondary: alpha helices & beta sheets 

  • Tetirary: 3D folding

  • Quaternary: multiple polypeptides  

Nucleic Acids (structures) 

• Sugar-phosphate backbone w/ nitrogenous base pairs

• DNA is a double helix

• RNA is USUALLY single stranded

Carbohydrates (structures→function) 

• Quick NRG (glucose) 

• NRG storage (starch/glycogen) 

• Structural Support (cellulose) 

Lipids (structures→function) 

• Long-term NRG storage

• Insulation

• Waterproofing (fats & oil) 

• Cell Membranes (phosolipids) 

• Hormones (steroids) 

Proteins (structures→function) 

• Enzymes (catalyst) 

• Structural Support (collagen)

• Transport Defense

• Signals

Nucleic Acids (structures→function) 

• Store & Transmit genetic info (DNA & RNA)

• Code for proteins

Carbohydrates (IRL impacts)

• Altered insulin response (diabetes)

  • if glucose metabolism is disrupted

Lipids (IRL impacts)

• Saturated fat buildup → atherosclerosis, heart disease

• Defects in phosolipids bilayer affect signaling

Proteins (IRL impacts)

• Misfolded proteins → Alzheimers 

• Single amino acid change alter shape/func = sickle cell amenia 

Nucleic Acids (IRL impacts)

• Mutations in DNA

  • cancer 

  • cystic fibrosis