Brain II Notes

The thalamus acts as a relay station to conduct ________ impulses to the primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex.

sensory

The hypothalamus is the integration centre of the _____________ nervous system.

autonomic

The __________ contains fibre pathways between the brain and spinal cord.

pons

The ____________ is the location of the medullary pyramids, which act as crossover points for corticospinal motor tracts.

medulla oblongata

The cerebellum adjusts __________ output, ensuring coordination and balance.

motor

Cerebellar grey matter is located in the outer cortex (called folia) and deeper nuclei. White matter tracts are called the ________________.

arbor vitae

The __________ system is involved with emotions and is extensively connected throughout the brain.

limbic

The ____________________ system extends through the brain stem and keeps the cortex alert.

reticular activating

Types of memory include ____________ (fact-based) and ____________ (skills).

declarative; procedural

__________ (fainting) is a brief loss of consciousness, most often due to inadequate cerebral blood flow.

Syncopy

The three layers of meninges are __________ mater, __________ mater, and __________ mater.

dura; arachnoid; pia

The blood-brain barrier excludes most ______ from entering the brain.

drugs

__________ cells are responsible for keeping CSF circulating.

Ependymal

Arachnoid granulation villi are where CSF can be reabsorbed into ________ in the dura mater.

veins

The __________ encloses the nucleus and consists of two membranes separated by a space.

nuclear envelope

The __________ is a dense structure within the nucleus that produces ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

nucleolus

__________ is the form of DNA in the nucleus that is loosely packed and accessible for transcription.

chromatin

A __________ is a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a protein.

gene

The sequence of nucleotides in DNA that determines the specific amino acids in a protein is called the __________.

genetic code

The function of genes is to provide the instructions for synthesizing __________ that perform various functions in the body.

proteins

The two phases of protein synthesis are __________ and __________.

transcription; translation

In transcription, DNA is transcribed into __________, which carries the genetic information to the ribosome.

mRNA

During __________, tRNA delivers specific amino acids to the ribosome, matching their anticodons to the codons of mRNA.

translation

Triplets refer to sequences of three nucleotides in __________, while codons refer to sequences in __________.

DNA; mRNA

Anticodons are the complementary sequences to codons on the __________ molecule.

tRNA