Pathology Key Terms Week 1

Health

Complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not only the lack of disease or infirmity

Pathophysiology

the branch of science that studies structural and functional changes in tissues and organs that lead to disease

Pathology

the study of changes to cells and tissues associated with disease

Idiopathic

a disease that has no known cause

Acute

short-term, with extreme symptoms

Chronic

long-term, developing gradually with lesser symptoms, usually causing more permanent damage

Communicable

Infections that can be spread from one person to another

Comorbidities

two or more coexisting but unrelated medical conditions

Complications

new additional (or secondary) problems arising afer an original disease begins

Diagnosis

identification of a specific disease via evaluation of signs and symptoms

Diagnostic Tests

laboratory tests that assist in diagnosing a specific disease

Epidemics

outbreaks of disease that occur over a given area, with many cases of the disease

epidemiology

the science of tracking the occurrence or pattern of disease

etiology

the causative factor of a particular disease

Iatrogenic

When a treatment, procedure, or error is responsible for causing a disease

Exacerbations

Increased signs of disease

Incidence

The number of new cases in a particular period

Latent

An initial "silent" disease stage, in which no clinical signs are evident

Lesion

a specific local change in tissue that may be microscopic or highly visible

Manifestations

Clinical evidence or effects, the signs and symptoms of disease.

Morbidity

the disease rates within a group

Mortality

Indicates the number of deaths resulting from a particular disease within a group

Occurrence

a disease's occurrence is tracked by its incidence (# of new cases) and prevalence (# of existing cases)

Onset

the beginning or start of the disease process

Pathogenesis

development of disease

Precipitating Factors

condition that triggers an acute episode

Predisposing Factors

factors that indicate a high risk for developing a disease, not not certain development

Prevalence

fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time

Prevention

taking steps to keep something from happening or getting worse

Probability

likelihood that a particular event will occur

Prodromal

Pertaining to early symptoms that may mark the onset of a disease

Prognosis

a forecast of the probable course and outcome of a disease or situation

Recovery

period of recuperation or convalescence and return to normal health

Remissions

Subsiding disease symptoms

Sequelae

unwanted outcomes of primary condition

Signs

objectively observed indicators of a disorder

Subacute

between acute and chronic, having a rather recent onset or relatively rapid change

Symptoms

Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient

Syndrome

collection of signs and symptoms

Therapy

treatment measures to promote recovery or slow the progress of a disease

Pathogen

a disease causing microbe

Sepsis

the body's response to a bacterial infection in the bloodstream, during which the immune system will trigger extreme and potentially dangerous, whole-body inflammation

Septicemia

a bacterial infection that spreads into the bloodstream

Opportunistic Infection

an infection that causes disease when the immune system is compromised for other reasons

Classifications of Disease
Congenital and hereditary disease

Caused by developmental disturbances such as chromosomal
and genetic abnormalities, intrauterine injury, or a
combination of environmental and genetic factors.

Classifications of Disease
Congenital and hereditary disease
Examples

hemophilia, congenital heart disease due to
German measles

Classifications of Disease
Chronic Disease

Steadily worsening diseases that cause degeneration of
various body parts. Degeneration often occurs sooner in the
life of the patient and is not linked to aging.

Classifications of Disease
Chronic Disease
Examples

certain types of arthritis, arteriosclerosis
(hardening of the arteries

Classifications of Disease
Disabling Diseases

Those that cause loss of normal functions
and may result in inability to work

Classifications of Disease
Disabling Diseases
Examples

back pain, cancer, depression, diabetes

Classifications of Disease
Inflammatory Diseases

Those in which the body reacts to injury or harmful agents with inflammation. Causes include various microorganisms, allergic reactions, hypersensitivity states, and autoimmunity states.

Classifications of Disease
Inflammatory Diseases
Examples

pneumonia, sore throat, hay fever

Classifications of Disease
Metabolic Diseases

Cause disturbances in normal metabolic processes

Classifications of Disease
Metabolic Diseases
Examples

diabetes, thyroid conditions, endocrine gland disturbances, fluid & electrolyte imbalances

Classifications of Disease
Neoplastic Diseases

Characterized by abnormal cell growth, which lead to various benign and malignant tumors

Mechanisms of disease
Predisposing factors
what are they also known as

Risk Factors

Mechanisms of disease
Predisposing factors
Although they make people more vulnerable to disease, what do they not do

they do not predict the development of a disease

Mechanisms of disease
Predisposing factors
the absence of predisposing factors does not do what

it does not guarantee that a person will remain disease-free

Mechanisms of disease
Predisposing factors
What does it include

age, gender, environment, heredity, lifestyle, physical activity, and socioeconomic status

Homeostasis
what does it refer to

stability, balance, or equilibrium within a cell or the body

Homeostasis
how can this be visualized as

can be thought of as a dynamic equilibrium rather than a constant, unchanging state.

Homeostasis
What does disease lead to

a disruption of homeostasis in the body

Homeostasis
Alternations in what can lead to what

changes to na cell’s functional environment produces stress to the
cell’s ability to maintain homeostasis.

Homeostasis
if the cell can alter mechanics and regain homeostasis
what is it

cellular adaptation

Homeostasis
If the cell is unable to adapt, what happens

Cellular injury

Homeostasis
cellular adaptations

atrophy, hypertrophy, dysplasia, hyperplasia, metaplasia, neoplasia

Homeostasis
cellular injury

Hypoxic injury, Free radicals & reactive oxygen species injury, Chemical injury, Physical Injury, Infectious Agents, Nutritional Factors, Genetic Factors, Immunity

Cell Death
Necrosis

Abnormal cell death

Cell Death
Necrosis
What causes this

Due to lack of oxygen, infection, or the release of fatty acids

Cell Death
Apoptosis

A form of cell death in which a programmed sequence of events leads to the elimination of cells without releasing harmful substances into the surrounding area

Cell Death
Apoptosis
what is it’s role

plays a crucial role in developing and maintaining the health of the body by eliminating old cells, unnecessary cells, and unhealthy cells

Cell Death
Apoptosis
is this normal?, what is it also called

a normal occurrence
Programmed cell death

Disease

Biologic or psychologic alteration that results in malfunction of a body organ or system

Disease
what is not maintained

Homeostasis

Drug

Any substance that alters physiologic function in the organism,
regardless of whether the effect is beneficial or harmful

Indications
Medications may be described to

Promote healing
Cure Disease
Control or slow progression of disease
Prevent disease
Decrease risk of complications
Increase comfort level
Reduce excessive activity in the body

Drug effects
Therapeutic Effect

Intended effects on the body

Drug effects
Adverse Effect

Unwanted effects on the body

Drug effects
Idiosyncratic Effect

An unusual or unexpected reaction to a medication

Drug effects
Teratogenic Effect

An Effect that can disturb the development of the embryo or fetus

Access
Over the counter (OTC)

Can be purchased directly by the consumer without a prescription

Access
Prescription

Requires a prescription for use

Amount
Dose

How much of a drug the patient is supposed to take at one time

Amount
Dosage

Total amount of a drug administered over the condition; how much medication is deemed to be efficient in ridding the condition

Amount
Loading Dose

An initial higher dose of a drug that may be given at the beginning of a course of treatment before dropping down to a lower dose

Drug Administration

Oral
Sublingual (under tongue)
Buccal (between gum and inner lip)
Rectal (through Butt)
Inhalation
Topical (cream or gel on skin)
Transdermal (patches that delivers a steady amount of med through skin)
Injection
Implanted drug delivery system

Nomenclature
generic names

Unique official simple name for a specific medication
-Usually not capitalized

Nomenclature
Trade Name

Proprietary name or Brandname
-A trademark name assigned by a single manufacturer and to be used ONLY be that manufacturer
-Usually capitalized

Inflammation
is what body’s what

its natural response to injury or infection

Inflammation
what type of response is it

a protective response

Inflammation
what is the body’s attempting to do

to isolate an affected area to prevent injury or infection from spreading to other areas

Inflammation
what process is this

a process in which fluid, chemicals, and cells are brought to an injured area to
limit the extent of injury, remove necrotic debris, and prepare for the healing process

Classifications of inflammation- Acute
what does this consist of

tightly coordinated vascular and cellular responses to injury

Classifications of inflammation- Acute
Vascular response

Vasodilation & increased vascular permeability (so that
water, electrolytes, and serum proteins leak into the tissue spaces)

Classifications of inflammation- Acute
Cellular response

the movement of leukocytes from the blood to the tissue

Classifications of inflammation- Acute
Vascular and cellular responses produce what

The cardinal signs of inflammation
redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function

The cardinal signs of inflammation
Redness

caused by increased bloodflow in dilated vessels

The cardinal signs of inflammation
Swelling

caused by leakage of fluid into the tissue

The cardinal signs of inflammation
Heat

caused by increased blood in the area

The cardinal signs of inflammation
Pain

Caused from pressure of the swelling on nerve endings and irritation by chemical mediators