American Pageant Chapter 1

Colonists reasons for leaving England

Wanted to leave behind tyrannies of royal authority, official religion, and social hierarchies

Wanted individual liberty, religious tolerance, and econ oppurtunity.

Difference in colonies

Different econ interests, ethic rivalries, and religious practices.

Puritans had small, democratic communities in NE

Anglicans had forced labor on their plantations

Colonies Benefits from Britain

mostly independant and profited from British trade

Why US left Britain’s control

Dragged colonists into French-Indian War, then after imposed heavy taxes to make up for war costs

French-Indian War

1756-1763

led to American Revolution

Loyalists

1/5 colonists that sided with Britain during Revolution

6000 years ago

recorded history of the Western World began(middle east)

Bering Isthmus

landbridge connecting Eurasia and North America that people traveled during Ice Age
Post Ice-Age, sea levels rose - no one could use it

America(s) Population Pre-Europe Discovery

54 million people

Maize

Indian corn that supported the lives of 20 million people in Mexico

Stopped hunter-gatherer practice as they could stay in 1 place

Aztec Development

Lacked oxen, horse, wheel, but had talented mathematicians and astronomers.

Pueblo

village

intricate farming

no developed social life

Corn Cultivation across NA

correlated with rate of development of regions

Indians’ state during European arrival

Outside of Aztecs, no dense concentrations of population or complex nation-states

Anasazi people

could sustain a settlement of 25,000+ people at Cahokia, in Mississippi due to corn

3 Sister Farming

Beans grew on trellis of cornstalks, while squash covered the planting mounds to retain moisture in the soil.

Iroquois

From northeastern woodlands, developed political and organizational skills to sustain a military alliance of 6 nations that scared other tribes and colonists

Iroquois culture

formed matrilineal culture, where power and possession was passed down female side of family

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Norse Seafarers

stumbled across northeastern shoulder of NA in 1000 AD, but no strong nation-state supported their settlements and were soon abandoned.

Christian Crusaders

tried to take Holy Land from Muslim control from 11th to 14th century. While there, discovered Asian goods(perfume,silk) which when brought home, sparked desire to get these.

Spice Islands

Indonesia, China, and India

Reason for asian goods’ expense

had to be transported huge distances on ships and camelback, or through caravan routes where Muslim middlemen charged big prices.

Marco Polo

Italien adventurer, returned to Europe in 1295, brought home stories of pearls and pagodas, sparking further desire to find cheaper routes

Reason Europe was scared of sailing to Africa

sailors refused to set sail along the coast of West Africa, since they couldn’t beat the winds and currents on the way back

Caravels

A ship designed to sail close to the wind created by the Portuguese in 1450s

Portuguese route back from Africa

sail northwesternly from African coast to the Azores, where westward wind would carry them home.

Portuguese trading posts

set for purchase of gold and slaves from Arab merchants and Africans themselves

Portuguese Slave System

sent slaves to work in sugar plantations in Portugal, Spain, and the Sugar Islands where 40K were sent.

Sugar Islands

Madeira, the Canaries, Sao Tome, and Principe

Portuguese Slaves impact

founded the modern plantation system based on exploitation of labor, caused millions more to be sent to America post-discovery

Portuguese Explorers

Bartholomeu Dias and Vasco de Gama

Unification of Spain

late 15th century, Ferdinand of Argon and Isabelle of Castille got married, and expulsion of Muslim Moors occured

14th Century Travel Optimism

Europe wanted goods

Africa had cheap labor

Port. showed travel was possible

Printing Press + Mariner’s compass created

Time of Colombus Arrival

1492

Interdependent Global Economy

Europe provided markets, capital, and tech

Africa provided cheap labor
New World had raw materials and soil for growing sugarcane

New World crops

tabacco, maize, beans, potatoes

3/5 world’s crops came from Americas

Effect of New World crops

created global boom in population, and supported the African population where growth numerically outweighed the losses from the slave trade.

European goods introduction

Cattle, swine, horses, sugarcane, rice, and disease

Introduction of Diseases to Americas

Smallpox, yellow fever, and malaria devastated native population.

Taino native population went from 1 million to 200 post Spanish-arrival.

90% of native americans died.

Native avenge for disease

gave Europeans Syphilis, a lethal STD

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494

between Spain and Portugal, which divided New World’s land.

Portugal received “heathen lands”, Brazil, and parts of Asia and Africa

3 Gs

Gold, Glory, and God

reason of Spanish conquest

Balboa

Spanish discoverer of Pacific Ocean, found Panama in 1513.

Magella

Juan Ponce de Leon

explored Florida seeking gold but died to Indians

Coronado

1540s: on quest to find gold cities, discovered adobe peublos and Grand Canyon and bison.

Impact of New World silver

created price revolution in Spain that increased consumer costs by 500%. This fueled the growth of capitalism, a modern banking system, and payed for trade with Asia.

Encomienda

government allowed to give Indians to colonists for them to christianize them

basically slavery

Granada

Great moorish city that fell to Spain after a 10 year siege

Reconquista

centuries of confrontation left men obsessed with status and didn’t want to work so they looked to the New World frontier.

Spain’s expedition

Claimed territory from Colorado to Argentina and wiped out Incas and Aztecs, with just 10K men in multiple private expeditions

Mestizos

people of mixed native and European heritage

Malinche

Cortez’s translator along with a Spanish castaway

Baptized with the name Dona Marina

Quetzalcoatl

the God Montezuma believed who Cortez was

Aztec legend said he would come from the eastern sea

Tenochtilan

Aztec capital with over 300K inhabitants

Noche Triste

sad night

Aztecs attacked the Spaniards

1521

Cortez captured Technotitlan

Spanish fort in St. Augustine

Oldest European inhabited settlement in US

Pope’s Rebellion

1680

Pueblos’ uprising in New Mexico where they destroyed every catholic church and killed priests

took 50 years for Spain to regain control

Conquistadors

Spanish soldiers who conquered parts of the New World

Kiva

Ceremonial religious chambers for Peublos

Black Legend

“false” concept that all Spain did was enslave, kill, and infect natives but also created culture and societies for them

Colombian Exchange

the widespread transfer of plants, animals, diseases, people, and ideas between the Old World and the New World

English vs Spanish treatment of natives

English isolated them while Spain infused them through culture and marriage

Francis Pizarro

Crushed Incas in 1532, got so much silver it caused inflation

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Colombus

Italian seafarer who was funded by Spanish
Reached NA in 1942 starting Columbian Exchange

Hernan Cortes

Set sail from Cuba in 1519 and reached near Vera Cruz
Conquered Mexico for Spain in 1521

Jacques Cartier

Explored St. Lawrence River, claimed Canada for France in 1534

Casas

Spanish missionary who criticized encomienda and effects of disease

Great Ice Age

Began 2 million years ago and ended 10K ago

Mound Builders

Ohio River Valley
affected by corn

Appalachian Mountains

formed before continental seperation

Canadian Shield

a zone of ancient rock, first part of NA landmass to rise above sea level

33,000-8,000 BCE

First humans cross into NA from Asia

5,000 BCE

Corn is developed as a stable crop in Mexico

1,000 CE

Norse voyagers discover northeastern NA

1100 CE

Christian crusades arouse European interest in the east

Late 1400s

Spain becomes united

1488

Diaz rounds southern tip of Africa

1492

Colombus discovers new world

1494

Treaty of Tordesillas

1519-1521

Cortes conquers Mexico for Spain

1532

Pizzaro crushes Incas

1542

De Soto discovers Mississippi

1607

first permanent English settlement Jamestown is founded

1680s

French expedition down Mississippi River under La Salle

New France

french area of NA, centered on St. Lawrence River, focused on trade and religion

New Netherland

Dutch colony in NA, focused on trade in NY area

Peter Stuyvesant

Last general-director of New Netherland before England took it

Patroonships

Large plots of land and the right to govern the tenants there

Beaver Wars

Conflicts in late 17th century between tribes and colonists over control of fur trade

Jesuit Missionaries

Catholic priests sent by France to spread christianity

Henry Hudson

Established dutch NA colony in 1609