AP WORLD FULL REVIEW

AP world

What Connects most events in 1200s?

Religion

What is Religious Mysticism

a religion that focuses on mystical experiences that brings them closer to divine- prayer, meditation

Where is Buddhism in 1200s?

India, China, Southeast Asia, Japan

Who founded Buddhism?

Siddhartha Gautama, a young hindu prince who lived in Nepal, he rejected wealth and world possessions to become Buddha.

What happened when Buddha died?

Split Buddhism into Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism

1st Noble Trust of Buddhism

All is suffering

2nd Noble Truth of Buddhism

Suffering is caused by desire

3rd Noble Truth

can be freed of desire

4th Noble Truth

Freed of desire following a prescribed path

What impact did Buddhism have in India?

rejected the caste system which appealed to those of a lower rank.

What is the Abbasid Dynasty?

Islamic Empire from 750-1258 CE - early mid 9th century golden age

What happened in Baghdad?

Trade through receipt and bill system, centre for arts, science, medicine, and math.

What caused the decline of Islamic Caliphates

internal struggles by revolt of enslaved Turkish warriors, the new Shia dynasty in Iran, the Seljuk Turk Sunni group, Persians, and most importantly Mongols.

Who took over Baghdad?

The Mongols

Who reunited Egypt Syria and Arabia in a new Islamic State?

The Ottoman Turks

Who were the Mamluks?

Egyptian Group that defeated Mongols in Nazareth, preserved Islam in Near East.

What happened to Rome?

Western Rome fell completely, while Eastern Rome became the Byzantine Empire.

What is European Feudalism?

A social and economic system in medieval Europe was structured around landholding, where nobles offered land to vassals in exchange for military service and loyalty.

What was the ranking of the feudal system?

Kinds, Nobles, Vassals, Peasants/Serfs

Statehood in Germany 13th Century?

Reigning family died out and merchants and tradespeople become more powerful

Statehood in England 13th Century?

English novles rebelled against King John and made the Magna Carta.

What is the Magna Carta?

Documents that reinstated the nobles, laid foundation for parliament in England. Which became the house of lords and house of commons later.

What is the house of lords?

Nobles and clergy that decided legal issues in England

What is the house of commons?

knights and wealth burghers that dealt with trade and taxation in England

Statehood in France 13th Century?

England took many parts of France which started revolts, led to Joan of Arc fighting back the English

What was the Hundred Years’ War?

A prolonged conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453, centered on territorial disputes and claims to the French throne. Which unified France.

Statehood in Spain 13th Century?

Queen Isabella of castile and ferdinand of Aragon married and united spain under single monarchy and forced christianity onto followers.

Statehood of Russia in 13th Century?

Taken over by Tartars under Genghis Kahn in 1242 until Russian prince Ivan III pushed them out in 1400s and become czar.

What are Tartars

A Group of Eastern Mongols that took control over Russia in the 13th Century.

Song Dynasty

A Chinese dynasty that ruled from 960 to 1279, known for its advancements in technology, culture, and economy.

What did Confucianism ideas do to women?

Limited womens rights in China and proposed foot binding

What is Foot Binding?

binding womens feet bound after birth to keep them small

What is Neo-Confucianism?

Buddhist ideas about soul, filial piety, and maintance of proper roles, loyal to superiors.

What is the Ming Dynasty?

A Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368 to 1644, known for its cultural and economic prosperity, as well as the reinstatement of Confucian ideals and the construction of the Forbidden City.

What happened in Japan in the 1200s?

Isolated from the rest of the world which led to their own development

What was the System of Feudal Japan

A hierarchical structure where land was exchanged for military service and loyalty, with the emperor at the top, followed by shoguns, daimyo, samurai, and peasants.

What is the Delhi Sultanate?

The Islamic invader that took over the kingdom in Delhi

What happened to Northern India?

Religious battle between Islam monotheism and Induism polytheism where Islam took over

What are the 3 great civilziation in Central and South Americas

Maya, Incas, Aztecs

How did the Aztecs develop?

Trade and Sacrifice

What was the policy of the Aztecs?

The Aztecs implemented a policy of tribute and conquest, requiring subjugated peoples to pay tribute in the form of goods, labor, and sometimes human sacrifices to their gods.

What rights did Women have in Aztec Empire?

Subordinate to men but couldn’t inherit property

How did the Inca develop?

My Land is Your Land

What is Homage in the feudal system?

Relationship between lord and vassal through which lord was protected in exchange for getting military service and other obligations.

How did Feudal relationships emerge?

Direct result of local nobles seeking to obtain protection from more powerful lords who would defend their territory in exchange for fulfilling obligations.

What helped East African coast states develop?

The location and proximity to ocean access, along with their rich abundance of natural resources for better opportunities and development.

How did Muslim Scholars participate in intellectual and scholarly exchanged with neighboring cultures

The expanded on the legacy of earlier scientific works by conducting their own research

What is Dharma?

an organizing principle of the universe that governs the rules of human society

What is the Hanseatic League?

a trade alliance through nothern europe to drive toward nationhood increase social mobility and flexibility

What happened to European architecture?

Went from Romanesque to Gothic, easily seen in cathedrals.

What are the Crusades?

military campaigns by European Christians to convert Muslims and non-Christians, combat religious questioning.

What are Heresies?

religious practices/beliefs that do not conform to traditional church doctrine

Who is Pope Innocent III?

issued strict decrees on church doctrine, he frequently persecuted heretics and Jews

Who is Pop Gregory IX?

Established inquisition to combat heresy and enforce church doctrine in the early 13th century. He also strengthened papal authority and was involved in the conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor.

Who is Thomas Aquinas?

Christian Theologian who made advancements in Christian thought, faight and reasons aren’t in conflict.

What happened as trade continued?

led to the growth of urban culture, most cities were around trade routes.

What cities were the most populous in the 1200s?

Cities like Baghdad, Merv, Chang’an, cities along the silk road.

What cities were Urbanized in Europe?

Constantinople before 1400 and Paris and Italian City-states after 1400.

Who were the mongols?

Set of tribes and clans that were superb horsemen and archers

Who was Genghis Khan?

Founder of the mongol empire who unifed the tribes in Mongolia in the early 1200s to expand their authority over other societies. Invaded china in 1234

How big was the Mongol Empire?

spanned from Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe

What was the structure of the Mongol Empire?

Split into hordes after the death of Genghis Kagn, ruthless warriors destorying cities byt remained peaceful after settling into cities.

Where was the Golden Horde?

A Mongol khanate that controlled parts of Russia and Eastern Europe, influential during the 13th to 15th centuries.

Who was Kublai Khan?

Genghis Kahn’s successor who ruled over china

Who was Timur Lang?

Mongol leader who took over India nad destroyed everything, he grew Islam in india

Impact of Mongol Empire?

Greatly diffused culture through not having a set religion or way of life and prevented Russia from culturally developing

Who was Mansa Musa?

Malian ruler who built the capital of Tumbuktu and expended the kingdom beyond Ghana

What was the Mali Trade state?

Mali was rich in natural gold that Islamic traders were interested in

Who was Sonni Ali?

Songhai ruler that conquered region of west Africa in 15th century and established a centralized administration, expanding trade and Islamic influence.

What did Song China develop?

Innovative technologies like gunpowder, the compass, and printing. Bureaucratic system built on merit and civil ce examination, creating loyal government workers. Improved transportation and communication. Agricultural advancements, including rice cultivation, along with advancements in trade and cultural exchanges.

Trade Routes in 1200-1450?

Silk Road, Trans-Saharan Trade Routes, Indian Ocean Trade

What was teh Bubonic Plague?

started in asia in the 14th century and carried by merchants it killd about 1/3 of global population

What was the India Ocean Trade?

Trade Route dominated by Persians and Arabs, Was from western India to Persian gulf to eastern africa.

What was Great Zimbabwe?

Trading Empire in africa from 11th to 15th centuries

What created cultural intermixing in Indian Ocean Communities

Sailors marrying local women

What was the Silk Road?

China to Mediterranean Cultures in early days of Roman Empire and from 1200 to 1600

What happened along the Silk Road?

Cultural exchange through travelers stopping at trade towns like Kashgar and Samarkand

What was traded along the silk road?

SIlk, spices, precious metals, and textiles.

What helped increase trade?

Technological advancements such as the compass, lateen sail, caravanserai, improved saddles, and agricultural innovations.

Why did people migrate or move?

Muslim Pilgrimages, new cities and empires drawing people in, simply not enough room in cities

Who was Xuanzang?

Chinese Buddhist monk who traveled through T’ang Dynasty to india to explore Buddhism

Who was Marco Polo

Merchant from Venice to China and Europe

Who was Ibn Battuta?

Islamic Traveler through islamic world to INdia to China

Who was Margery Kempe?

English Christian through Europe and Holy Land

How did Mali Expand?

It facilitated commercial growth by expanding the number of people participating in the trade networks.

What is the Caravan?

Transportation technology that provided merchants greater security and permitted the transportation of greater quantities of luxury items, which lowered transportation costs.

What is the sakk?

promissory notes that operated similarly to a bank check.

What help cause the breakup of the Mongol Empire into seperate khanates?

Civil wars between rival factions after Genghis Kahns death

What was the purpose of Ibn Battutas work?

Is to inform his audience about the cultural, poltiical, and ecnomic characteristics of the places he visited

What is Sunni Islam?

Believe that the rightful successor to the Prophet was Abu Bakr, chosen through consensus by the community

What is Shia Islam?

Believe that Ali, Muhammads cousin and son in law was the rightful successor and that the leadership should be passed down through lineage

What is Sufism?

Mystical path within Islam that emphasizes spiritual experience contemplation and direct knowledge of God. Which can be practiced by both Shia and Sunni Islam.

What happened to Europe in 1450?

Europe has become the dominant world power

What is the Renaissance?

As trade increased, people moved to the cities and an influx of money come in, people went to studying the past.

What is Humanism?

focus on personal accomplishment, happiness, and life on earth instead of living for the goal of salvation

What happened to the arts in the Renaissance?

Arts have a comeback as many famous artists start coming because people could afford art again.

What did Artists focus on in the Renaissance?

Artists focused on realism like Leonardo da Vinci and Donatello

Why did Western writers have a bigger audience in the Renaissance?

Johannes Gutenberg invents the printing press which made books affordable and easily accessible leading to more literate people

Who invented the Printing Press in the Renissance Era

Johannes Gutenberg

Who is Martin Luther?

German monk who published his list of complaints against the church. Most signifcantly, proposed salvation was given directly through god and not the curch, which reduced their influence