Bones - Biomechanics, Chapter 1

What are the four tissue types?

Connective, muscle, nerve, and epithelial

What is in charge of the cellular processes that support the neurons both metabolically and physically?

Neuroglia

What kind of bones are described?

Longer than they are wide, having a shaft (diaphysis) primarily made of compact bone with 2 bulky ends (epiphyses) often containing spongy bone.

Long bones

What is the shaft of a long bone called?

Diaphysis

What are the ends of a long bone called?

Epiphyses

What is the epiphyseal plate?

Growth plate where bone length increases

What is the periosteum?

Outer tissue layer of bone where bone cells are produced

What cartilage covers joint surfaces in order to reduce friction?

Articular cartilage

Approximately how many long bones are in the human skeleton?

90

How many metacarpals does a human skeleton typically have?

10

How many phalanges of the hand does a human skeleton typically have?

28

How many phalanges of the foot does a human skeleton typically have?

28

How many metatarsals does a human skeleton typically have?

10

What kind of bones are described?

Approximately equal in length and width; have a cube-like appearance, mostly consisting of spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone.

Short bones

How many short bones are typically in the human skeleton?

28

Name the carpal bones (2 of each in the human body):

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate

Name the tarsal bones (2 of each in the human body):

Talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, and lateral cuneiform

What kind of bones are described?

Provides protection to vital organs; mostly flat and curved, with a layer of spongy bone then covered by a thin layer of compact bone.

Flat bones

How many flat bones are typically in the human skeleton?

36

What are the rest of the examples of flat bones?

2 parietal bones, 2 nasal bones, 2 lacrimal bones, 2 scapula bones, 24 ribs

Frontal bone, occipital bone, vomer, sternum

What kind of bones are described?

Various funky shapes/sizes; a layer of spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone.

Irregular bones

How many irregular bones are typically found in the human skeleton?

48

What are the rest of the examples of irregular bones?

26 vertebrae, 2 hip bones, hyoid bone, 2 temporal, 1 sphenoid, 1 ethmoid, 2 zygomatic…

2 maxilla, 1 mandible, 2 palatine, 2 inferior nasal concha, 2 malleus, 2 incus, 2 stapes

What are sesamoid bones?

Short bones embedded in tendons

How many sesamoid bones are typically in the human skeleton?

4

What are the examples of sesamoid bones?

Hint: knee cap bones and carpal bones

Patella (2) and pisiform (2)

What type of bones are described?

Also known as wormian bones; tiny bones found within cranial sutures in some people, but not everyone; don’t actually serve a functional purpose, but can be markers for some diseases.

Sutural bones

Name the rest of the anatomical landmarks:

Tuberosity, process, tubercle, spinous process, condyles…

Epicondyles, fossa, facet, notch, and foramen

What is the tuberosity?

A large bump on the bone

What is the process landmark?

A projection from a bone

What is a tubercle?

A smaller bump on a bone

What is a spinous process?

A longer and thinner projection of a bone

What is a condyle?

Large bony knobs at either end of a long bone

What is an epicondyle?

Smaller bony knobs appearing just above the condyle

What is a fossa?

A smooth and hollow surface usually functioning as an attachment area

What is a facet?

An attachment site for other structures

What is a notch?

An area on a bone that appears to be cut out, allowing for the passage of other structures

What is a foramen?

Similar in function to the notch, but appears as a hole instead

What is the articular surface of the condyle?

Part of the condyle that articulates with another bone

What is Wolff’s Law?

Bone adapts to the stresses placed upon it

According to Wolff’s Law, what determines bone shape?

Muscle pull and direction of forces