Biology 106- EXAM 2

bioenergetics

used to describe how energy flows through living systems

metabolism

all of the chemical reactions that take place inside cells

metabolic pathway

a specific series of interconnected biochemical reactions that convert a substrate into a final product

anabolism

(building) small molecules are assembled into larger ones, requires energy

catabolism

(breaking)

large molecules are broken down into smaller ones, Energy is produced

kinetic energy

energy associated with objects in motion

potential energy

energy associated with the potential to do work

chemical energy

a type of potential energy that exists within chemical bonds and is released when those bonds are broken.

free energy

is a measurement of the amount of energy in a system that is available to do work

exergonic reactions

reactions that release free energy, spontaneous they occur without energy

endergonic

reactions that require an input of free energy, non-spontaneous due to needing energy

thermodynamics

refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate

NADH

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADPH

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Photosynthesis

endergonic

Cellular respiration

exergoinc

Free energy- exergonic

free energy was produced from the reaction

Free energy- endogenic

Free energy is added during the reaction

Law 1 of Thermodynamics

states that the total amount of energy in the universe is constant

Law 2 of Thermodynamics

States that none of the energy transfers that take place in any form in the entire universe is completely efficient.

Law 1

energy can be transferred from place to place, or into many differnet forms, by energy cannt be created or destroyed

Law 2

In every energy transfer, some amount of energy is lost in a form that is unusable (usually heat energy)

energy lost from every transfer of energy is lost in what form?

heat energy

the main energy currency common to all living organisms?

ATP

Why do cells need this energy currency?

ATP is an energy supplying molecule that contains within some of its bonds, the potential for quick bursts of transferrable energy.

What is the basic molecular structure of AMP? What 3 molecules is it composed of?

Is composed of an Alpha phosphate group and a Ribose, and a nitrogenous base adenine

How does a molecule of AMP differ from ADP or ATP?

the number of phosphate in the group. AMP only has one, compared to ADP which has two and ATP which has three.

 Which of the bonds in the ATP molecule store the majority of transferable chemical energy?

High energy bonds

Phosphorylation

the addition of phosphate groups to creat ATP

Dephosphorylation

the process of removing phosphate groups from molecules

 Approximately 90% of ATP is regenerated from what type of process?

Oxidative phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation whereabouts

takes place in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells.

oxidative phosphorylation

a cellular process that generates energy in the form of ATP

Energy coupling

a strategy where cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, thus allowing them to proceed.

Energy Coupling related to cases of dephosphorylation of ATP

the energy released from breaking a phosphate bond in ATP is used to power other cellular processes

In human (and most animals) cells, a large percentage of ATP is spent powering what pump?

Sodium Potassium Pump

Why is the ATP molecule so unstable?

the three phosphate groups used are all negatively charged tails which repel each other due to their electrostatic repulsion

Is the regeneration of ATP from ADP exergonic or endergonic?

endergonic

substrate-level phosphorylation

when the energy from de-phosphoprylation is used in the same reaction to phosphorylate a different molecule