Pols 12 full book study set

Ascriptive difference

Refers to a social class placement that is primarily hereditary, where individuals are placed in a stratification system due to qualities beyond their control.

Model Minority

The stereotype that Asian Americans are exemplary among racial minorities due to cultural traits such as valuing education and hard work.

Principle-implementation gap

The disparity between established principles or ideals and their actual implementation in real-world situations.

Racial resentment

Resentment over perceived gains of minorities, viewed as a loss for white groups.

Social desirability bias

A response bias where individuals answer questions in a way they believe will be viewed favorably by others.

Unassimilable

Incapable of assimilating or integrating into a different culture.

Gerrymandering

Manipulating district lines for personal or political gain.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Legislation that enforces the 15th amendment, prohibiting racial discrimination in voting.

Psychological benefit of voting

The feeling that one’s voice is heard through participation in elections.

Framing

The way a topic is presented, which influences how it is perceived by the audience.

Racial priming

Media influence on audience thoughts regarding race.

Linked fate model

The belief that an individual’s well-being is tied to the success of their racial group.

Cumulative voting

A voting system that allows voters to cast multiple votes for candidates, strengthening minority votes.

Majority-minority localities

Areas where minority candidates generally win office as they make up the majority of the population.

Cracking

The practice of separating voters, usually minorities, into different districts to dilute their voting power.

Packing

Consolidating voters into one district to reduce their influence in other districts.

Preclearance provisions

refer to a specific requirement under the Voting Rights Act of 1965, not directly in the 14th or 15th Amendments, but closely connected to them.

Senate malapportionment

means that some districts might have more or less people than others, which can make it harder for everyone's vote to count the same. It's like if you were playing a game and one team had more players than the other, it wouldn't be fair. Malapportionment can also be called gerrymandering or legislative districting.

Bracero program

Diplomatic accords between US and Mex to address labor shortages after WW2, resulting in 4.6 million contracts.

Cultural monotheism

There is one foundational identity, and that each new group adapts to the extent that they adopt this identity.

Cultural pluralism

A version in which smaller groups are able to maintain their unique identities, values, and practices that are accepted by the larger or more dominant culture.

Cultural relativism

Idea that cultures and their values and beliefs should be understood and not judged by outside standards.

Ethnic disadvantage

Racial and ethnic minorities either chose to or are forced to maintain their distinct positions as different, lesser, or outsider.

Immigration political incorporation

The process through which immigrants are integrated into the political system.

Segmented assimilation

There is no one pathway to incorporation that fits every immigrant group; immigrants come with different backgrounds and resources.

Settler colonialism

A form of colonialism that seeks to replace the original population of a colonized territory with a new society of settlers.

Social rights

Rights that guarantee individuals access to certain social and economic benefits.

Straight line assimilation

New racial and ethnic minorities slowly allow their cultural traits to fade and assimilate into the cultural norms of mainstream society.

Xenophobia

Prejudice against perceived threats from foreigners.

Liberal

Commitment to indirect rights, separation of private from public spheres.

Civic republican

Belief in the common good and collective purpose.

Inegalitarian ascriptive traditional

Attaching oneself to inherited traits like race, class, gender.

Growing racial diversity

1960 America was predominantly White, but the White population is declining over time.

Persistent racial hierarchy

Income levels have grown for all groups, but a large gap still exists between Whites/Asians and Blacks/Latinos.

Racial Creeds

A unifying, single, pervasive set of liberal beliefs centered around the rights and freedoms of individuals.

Aristocracy

Rule by all the elites.

Autocracy

Rule by one person.

Constitutional democracy

Explicitly empowers and restrains ideals of popular sovereignty.

Deliberative democracy

Democracy is realized when citizens engage in a specific intensive and public form of participation.

Despotism/dictatorship

When the control over governing institutions is seized and maintained by force.

Direct democracy

Form in which all people in a polity participate and collectively decide how to govern themselves.

Epistocracy

Rule by those with knowledge.

Monarchy

King, queen, emperor, etc.; a variety of modes of autocratic rule.

Netocracy

Combination of networked and aristocracy to denote the rule of those in control of information and communication technologies.

Oligarchy

Rule by the few, often based on nobility, wealth, or military power.

Participatory democracy

The cornerstone of democracy is action and engagement amongst the people.

Polis

Word from ancient Greek for 'city state.'

Popular sovereignty

Democracy = 'people power.'

Principal agent theory/Representative democracy

Idea that citizens exercise their sovereignty by voting for political candidates who represent their preferences.

Immigration Act of 1875

Prohibited recruitment of laborers from China, Japan, or any 'Oriental' country.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

The first federal law in the US to set restrictions on immigrants targeting a specific race from a specific nation.

Free Space

Good luck on final!

Immigration Act of 1924

Set quotas for migrants based on ethnicity.

Hart Celler Act (1965)

1965 law prioritizing family reunification in immigration.

Settler Colonialism

Subjugation of indigenous populations by foreign settlers.

Chattel Slavery

Ownership of humans as property for exploitation.

Audit Studies

Research simulating scenarios to assess real-world behavior.

Correspondence Audits

Comparing treatment of applicants based on race.

Civil War Amendments

13th, 14th, 15th, and 19th amendments addressing rights.

Discrimination

Mistreatment based on racial or ethnic group membership.

Institutional Discrimination

Systematic oppression through state or organizational norms.

Individual Discrimination

Unplanned mistreatment affecting individuals, not groups.

Jim Crow Era

Period of institutionalized racial segregation in the South.

Reconstruction

Post-Civil War effort to rebuild the South.

Red Summer

1919 race riots and violence against African Americans.

Border Patrol

Agency enforcing immigration laws at U.S. borders.

Civil Liberties Act of 1988

Compensation for Japanese American internment during WWII.

Compromise of 1877

Political deal ending Reconstruction in exchange for presidency.

Indian Citizenship Act of 1924

Granted U.S. citizenship to Native Americans.

Indian Removal Act of 1830 (trail of tears)

Forced relocation of Native Americans to Oklahoma.

Manifest Destiny

Belief in U.S. expansion across North America.

Redlining

Denial of loans based on racial demographics.

Subprime Mortgages

High-interest loans targeting Black and Latino borrowers.

Freedmen's Bureau

Agency aiding formerly enslaved individuals post-Civil War.

Civil War Vet Pension Program

Financial assistance for Union soldiers, primarily White.

Trail of Tears

Forced displacement of Native Americans, 1830-1850.

Wounded Knee Massacre

1890 military massacre of Lakota people.

Immigration Act of 1917

Imposed literacy tests on immigrants entering U.S.

Naturalization Act of 1790

First law regulating citizenship in the U.S.

Naturalization Act of 1870

Extended citizenship to individuals of Black ancestry.