Microbio

Discovery era

spontaneous generation

Aristotle

• living organisms could develop from non living materials

Rogen Bacon (13th century)

• disease can be caused by minute “seeds” or “germs”

Girolamo Fracastoro (1549)

• Italian physician and poet who suggested that invisible organism can cause disease

Hans and Zaccharrias Janssen (1590-1608)

• founded the first compound microscope

Antony Van Leewenhoek (1632—1723)

• described the protozoa

• father of bacteriology and protozoology

• observed and described microorganisms as animalcules or little animals

Charles Sedillot (1878)

• inventor of the word “microbe”

• pioneer of modern medicine

Francisco Redi (1626-1697)

• Italian physician and biologist that said that maggots would not arise from decaying meat when it is covered

• founder of experimental biology

• founder of modern parasitology

Robert Hooke (1665)

• stated that life’s smallest structural units were cells, with the help of a crude microscope

John Needham (1713-1781)

• supporter of the spontaneous generation theory

• proposed that animalcules arose spontaneously on the mutton gravy

• covered flasks with cork as done by Redi, still the microbes appeared on mutton broth

• claimed the presence of life form in inorganic matter

Lazaro Spallanzami

• demonstrated that air carried germs to the culture media

• showed that boiled broth would not give rise to microscopic forms of life

Louis Pasteur

• father of medical microbiology

• there is no growth that took place in swan neck shaped tubes because dust and germs had been trapped on the walls of the curved necks but if the necks were broken off so that dust fell directly down to the flask, microbial growth connected immediately

• mild heating for 30 minutes rather than boiling was enough to destroy undesirable microorganisms without running the task of product

Pasteurization

• the process of heating every particle of milk or milk product in properly designed and operated equipment to any of the one specified pasteurization time–temperature combinations

John Tyndall (1820-1893)

• two different types of bacteria (1876):

  • heat labile/heat sensitive

  • heat resistant - have endospores

• prolonged boiling on intermittent heating was necessary to kill spores to make the infusion completely sterilized (Tyndallization)

Lord Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

• Father of Antiseptic Surgery

• concluded that wound infections too were due to microorganisms

• devised a method to destroy microorganisms in the operation theatre by spraying a fine mist of carbolic acid into the air

Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1838-1839)

• proposed the cell theory

Robert Koch (1893-1910) 

• Jewish-German physician and microbiologist

• demonstrated the role of bacteria in causing diseases

• discovered the causative agents of diphtheria, anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis

• pure culture

• used gelatin to prepare solid media but it was not an ideal because gelatin is a protein; it is digested by many bacteria capable of producing a proteolytic exoenzyme gelatinase that hydrolyses the protein to amino acid; melts when temperature rises above 25°C

Fanne Eilshemius Hesse (1850-1934)

• one of Koch's assistant who first proposed the use of agar in culture media

• agar is better than gelatin because of its higher point point at 96°C and solidifying point at 40-45°C

Rudolf Carl Virchow (1858) 

• Father of Modern Pathology

• German pathologist and physician

• Founder of Social Medicine

• added “All cells arise from a pre-existing cell (by binary fission)” to the cell theory

• cellular abnormalities in disease leading to proper diagnosis

• Pope of Medicine

Theodor Albrecht Edwin Klebs and Friedrich August Johannes Loeffler 

• discovered the bacterium that causes diphtheria that is called Klebs-Loeffler bacterium which is now called Corynebacterium diphtheria

• bacterium secretes a soluble substance that affects organs beyond sites where there is physical evidence of the organism

Julius Richard Petri (1887)

invented Petri dish used for solid culture media

Edward Jenner (1749-1823)

English physician and scientist

• first to prevent small pox

• disco WAvered technique of vaccination

Alexander Fleming

• discovered penicillin from Penicillium notatum that destroy several pathogenic bacteria

• Scottish physician and microbiologist

• published effects on the Gram positive microorganisms 

Paul Ehrlich (1920)

• discovered the treatment of syphilis by using arsenic

• studied toxins and antitoxins in quantitative terms and laid foundation of biological standardization 

Hansen (1874)

 Leprosy bacillus

Neisser (1879)

Gonococcus

Ogston (1881)

Staphylococcus

Loeffler (1884)

Diphtheria bacillus

Roux and Yersin

Diphtheria toxin

Beijerinck (1898)

coined the term “virus”

Pasteur

developed rabies vaccination

Good pasteur

cultivation of viruses on chick embryos

Charles Chamberland

constructed a porcelain bacterial filler

Twort and d’Herelle

bacteriophages

Edward Jenner

developed vaccine for smallpox