SPEECH ACTS

SPEECH SITUATION

is the context in which communication occurs

Participants

the speaker(s) and receiver(s).

Location

the physical location

Purpose

why certain ideas are expressed

Topic

what is being talked about

Speech Act

is the act of saying and expressing words and is used in everyday comunication.

Locution

the "utterance" or the act of saying the actual words to represent an idea.

Illocution

the intention is the purpose of the speaker in saying an utterance.

participants, location, purpose, topic.

give me the four kinds of elements of a speech situation.

Assertive

stating, claiming, describing, telling

Directive

ordering, commanding

Commisive

promising, threatening

Expressive

thanking, apologizing, congratulating

Declaration

blessing, sentencing, baptizing.

Communicative Strategies

is the hallmark of communicative competence.

Speech Purpose

Being able to use such strategies make certain not only the achievement of the _________ but also the enrichment of the communication experience for both Speaker and Listener.

Communicative Strategies

More than making interaction possible, ________ when used by the Speaker (and sometimes the Listener) allow for the adjustment of the Message and its Delivery.

Communicative Strategies

plans/ways/means of sharing information which are adopted to achieve a particular social, political, psychological, or linguistic purpose.

nomination, restriction, turn taking, topic control, topic shifting, repair and termination

list all seven types of communication strategy.

Nomination

presenting a particular topic clearly, truthfully, and saying only what is relevant

Nomination

• A speaker carries out this to collaboratively and productively establish a topic.

• You employ this strategy, you try to open a topic with the people you are talking to.

Nomination

It is a strategy that can also be applied any time during the course of an interaction as a way of continuing the communication. When this strategy is used, the topic is introduced in a clear and truthful manner, stating only what is relevant to keep the interaction focused.

Restriction

constraining the response/reaction within a set of categories

Restriction

• it constraints or restricts the response of the other person involved in the communication

  • The Listener is forced to respond only within a set of categories that is made by the Speaker.

Turn-Taking

recognizing when and how to speak because it is one’s turn

Turn-Taking

• requires that each Speaker speaks only when it is his/her turn during an interaction

Topic Control

a communicative strategy used to control and prevent unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts in a certain conversation

Topic Control

After the Nomination Communicative Strategy, the interaction is kept going by using the ______

Topic Control

This is simply a question-answer formula that moves the discussion forward. This also allows the Listener or the other participants to take turns, contribute ideas, and continue the discussion.

Topic Shifting

introducing a new topic followed by the continuation of that topic

Topic Shifting

• useful in introducing new topic

  • this strategy works best when there is follow-through so that new topic continues to be discussed

Repair

overcoming communication breakdown to send more comprehensible messages

Repair

• communication repair for smooth conversation

• rephrasing

• spell or write words

  • Provide keywords when the topic has changed

Repeating

An example of repair. is a good way of correcting oneself and gives the Speaker time to do just that.

Recasting

This means means changing the form of a Message that could not be understood.

Termination

This is using verbal and nonverbal signals to end the interaction

Termination

• refers to the conversation participant's close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversastion

Termination

• Ends the interaction through verbal and nonverbal Messages that both Speaker and Listener send to each other

Termination

• Sometimes the ___________is quick and short. Sometimes it is prolonged by clarifications, further questions, or the continuation of the topic already discussed, but the point of the language and body movement is to end the communication.