LECTURE: Chapter 4 Tissues

tissue

groups of cells similar in structure that perform common or related function

fixed, sectioned, stained

to be viewed under a microscope, tissues must be…?

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

electrons that are passing through the sample

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

creates an image by detecting reflected or knocked-off electrons

light microscope

microscopy that uses colored dyes

connective

Supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body. Stores fat, helps move nutrients and other substances between tissues and organs, and helps repair damaged tissue.

What tissue type is described?

muscle

Pumping blood and supporting movement to lifting heavy weights or giving birth.

What tissue type is described?

nervous

Responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities.

What tissue type is described?

nervous

tissue type found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves

muscle

tissue type found throughout the body, attached to bones via tendons, present in tongue, diaphragm, eye socket, and upper esophagus

connective

tissue type found in between other tissues everywhere in the body, including the nervous system. The three meninges, membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord

squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional glandular epithelial

what are the 5 types of epithelial tissues?

proper, cartilage, bone, blood

what are the 4 types of connective tissue?

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

neuron, neuroglia

what are the 2 cell types of nervous tissue?

epithelial

which cell type has polarity in the apical and basal surfaces?

simple

what type of epithelia is shown?

stratified

what type of epithelia is shown?

squamous, cuboidal, or columnar

what are the 3 classifications of epithelia?

simple squamous

Function: diffuse and filtration. Provides slick friction-reducing lining in lymphatic and cardiovascular systems

Location: kidney glomeruli, lining of heart, air sacs of lungs blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and lining of ventral cavity (serosae)

what is the epithelia?

simple squamous

Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped nuclei and sparse cytoplasm

what is the epithelia?

simple cuboidal

Function: secretion and absorption

Location: kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands and ovary surface

what is the epithelia?

simple cuboidal

Single layer of cube like cells with large, spherical central nuclei

what is the epithelia?

simple columnar

single layer of tall cells with oval nuclei; contain many cilia. Goblet cells often found in this layer

what is the epithelia?

simple columnar

Function: absorption (microvilli) ; secretion of mucus enzymes and other substances

Location: Ciliated type line small bronchi, uterine tubes and some regions of uterus. Nonciliated in digestive tract and gallbladder

what is the epithelia?

pseudostratified columnar

single layer of cells with different heights; some do not reach the free surface. nuclei seen at different layers.
what is the epithelia?

pseudostratified columnar

Function: secretion and propulsion of mucus
Location: male sperm-carrying ducts (nonciliated). And trachea (ciliated)
what is the epithelia?

stratified squamous

thick membrane composed of several layers of cells
what is the epithelia?

stratified squamous

Function: protection of underlying areas subjected to abrasion

Location: forms external part of skin’s epidermis (keratinized cells) and linings of esophagus, mouth, and vagina (nonkeratinized cells)

what is the epithelia?

stratified cuboidal

RARE IN BODY
…typically 2 cell layers thick

Location: found in some sweat and mammary glands

what is the epithelia?

stratified columnar

RARE IN BODY
limited distribution in the body. occurs at transition areas between two other types of epithelia.

Location: found in pharynx, male urethra, lining some glandular ducts

what is the epithelia?

transitional

several cell layers, basal cells cuboidal, surface cells dome-shaped,

Function: stretches to permit distension of urinary bladder

Location: Lines urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra

what is the epithelia?

transitional

what is the epithelia?

stratified squamous

what is the epithelia?

pseudostratified columnar

what is the epithelia?

simple columnar

what is the epithelia?

simple cuboidal

what is the epithelia?

simple squamous

what is the epithelia?

glandular

gland is one or more cells that makes and secrete aqueous fluid

classified by: site of product release - endocrine, exocrine

relative number of cells forming gland- unicellular or multicellular

endocrine glands

ductless glands that produce hormones

secretions: amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins and steroids

exocrine glands

secrete products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities

eg. mucous, sweat, oil, salivary glands

goblet cell

what is the only important unicellular gland?

merocrine

products secreted by exocytosis eg. pancreas, sweat, and salivary glands

what is the mode of secretion?

holocrine

products secreted by rupture (death) of gland cells, create oil eg. sebaceous glands

what is the mode of secretion?

function of connective tissue

binding + support, protection, insulation, transportation

mesenchyme

common tissue of origin for connective tissue

ground substance, fibers, cells

what is the 3 main structural elements of connective tissue?

ground substance

interstitial (tissue) fluid
FIBRONECTIN + LAMININ - adhesion proteins
GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN (GAGs)
strong and porous

Functions as molecular sieve through which nutrients diffuse between blood capillaries and cells

what is the structural element of the connective tissue?

fibers

includes collagen (tough, high tensile strength), elastic (long thin fibers stretch), and reticular fibers (form delicate network + support elastisity)

what is the structural element of the connective tissue?

cells

fibroblasts- connective tissue proper

chondroblasts- cartilage

osteoblasts- bone

hematopoietic stem cells- cells in blood

what is the structural element of the connective tissue?

embryonic

gel-like ground substance with fibers and star-shaped mesenchymal cells

gives rise (ancestor) to all other connective tissue

found in embryo

what is the connective tissue?

embryonic

what is the connective tissue?

areolar connective tissue

loose connective tissue proper

-Gel-like matrix with all three connective tissue fibers

-Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells

Function: Wraps and cushions organs

Location: Widely distributed throughout the body

what is the connective tissue?

areolar connective tissue

what is the connective tissue?

adipose connective tissue

loose connective tissue proper

Function: Reserves food stores, insulates against heat loss, and supports and protects

Location: under skin, around kidneys, within abdomen, and in breasts

-Local fat deposits serve nutrient needs of highly active organs

what is the connective tissue?

adipose connective tissue

what is the connective tissue?

reticular connective tissue

loose connective tissue proper

-Loose ground substance with reticular fibers

-Reticular cells lie in a fiber network

Function: Forms a soft internal skeleton, or stroma, that supports other cell types

Location: lymph nodes, bone marrow, and the spleen

reticular connective tissue

what is the connective tissue?

dense regular

dense connective tissue proper

Parallel collagen fibers with a few elastic fibers

-Major cell type is fibroblasts

Function: Attaches muscles to bone or to other muscles, and bone to bone

Location: tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses

what is the connective tissue?

dense regular

what is the connective tissue?

dense irregular

dense connective tissue proper

-irregularly arranged collagen fibers w/ some elastic fibers

-major cell type: fibroblasts

Function: withstands tension in many directions providing structural strength

Location: found in dermis, submucosa of digestive tract. fibrous organ capsules

what is the connective tissue?

dense irregular

what is the connective tissue?

dense elastic

dense connective tissue proper

dense regular connective tissue containing high portion of elastic fibers

Function: allow tissues to recoil after stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood thru arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs

Location: walls of large arteries; walls of bronchial tubes

what is the connective tissue?

dense elastic

what is the connective tissue?

simple tubular

what is the exocrine gland?

simple alveolar

what is the exocrine gland?

simple branched tubular

what is the exocrine gland?

compound tubular

what is the exocrine gland?

simple branched alveolar

what is the exocrine gland?

compound alveolar

what is the exocrine gland?

compound tubuloalevolar

what is the exocrine gland?

mucus

what do goblet cells make?

carcinoma

cancer cell originating epithelial tissue … 70% of all cancer b/c epithelial tissues damage first via physical/chemical assault

sarcoma

cancer cell originating in connective or muscle tissue

hyaline cartilage

inside the air pocket is lacunae and inside lacunae have chondrocytes
most abundant type of cartilage
Function: support and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress
Location: form in embryonic skeleton, end of long bones, nose, trachea, and larynx

elastic cartilage

more elastic fibers
Function: maintain shape ad structure while allowing flexibility
Location: external ear (pinna) and epiglottis (when u swallow)

fibrocartilage cartilage

Matrix is similar to hyaline cartilage but less firm with thick collagen fibers
function: provide tensile strength and absorb compression shock
location: found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint

fibrocartilage cartilage

what is the connective tissue?

elastic cartilage

what is the connective tissue?

hyaline cartilage

what is the connective tissue?

spongy and compact

what are the two type of bone tissue?

osseous tissue

osteocytes found in *lacunae and well-vascularized
osteon- compact bone
Function: store calcium, minerals, and fat, marrow inside bones is the site for blood synthesis (hematopoiesis)
Location: bones

osseous tissue

what is the connective tissue?

blood

red + white cells in fluid matrix (plasma)
Function: transportation of respiratory gases, and nutrients and wastes
Location: blood vessel
What is the connective tissue?

erythrocyte

scientific name for red cell

leukocyte

scientific name for white blood cell

thrombocyte

scientific name for platelets

blood

what is the connective tissue?

neuron and neuroglia

what are the two type of cell compromising nervous tissue?

nervous tissue

what is the tissue?

skeletal tissue

long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with obvious striations
Function: initiate and control voluntary movement
Location: skeletal muscles that attach to bones or skin
what is the muscle tissue?

hypertrophy

when an organ increase in size but number of cell does not increase

hyperplasia

organ enlarge because a number of cells (cause cancer)

skeletal tissue

what is the muscle tissue?

cardiac tissue

branching, striated, interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs)
Function: contractions propel blood into the circulation, involuntary control
Location: walls of the heart

cardiac tissue

what is the muscle tissue?

smooth tissue

spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striation; cell arrange close to form sheet
Function: propels substances or objects along internal passageway; involuntary control
Location: walls of hollow organs (cavities)

smooth tissue

what is the muscle tissue?

redness (erythema), heat swelling (edema), pain (algesia)

what are the 3 signs/symptom in tissue trauma?

-itis

inflammation suffix