Terms List - Topic 3 (Appendicular)

Skeleton

appendicular skeleton

consists of upper limbs, pectoral girdle, and lower limbs & provides movement/physical activity

pectoral girdle

the set of bones (clavicle and scapula) that connects the arm to the body and allows shoulder movement

clavicle

collarbone, slightly S-shaped somewhat flattened from the upper to lower surface

acromial end

lateral end, rounded/hammer like head

sternal end

medial end; markedly flattened

scapula

shoulder blade

superior angle of scapula

uppermost point of the scapula, where superior & medial borders meet

lateral angle of scapula

thickened end of the scapula where glenoid cavity articulates with the humerus

inferior angle of scapula

lowest part of scpaula where medial & lateral borders meet

superior border of scapula

upper edge of the scapula running between the superior angle & the base of the coracoid process

lateral border of scapula (axillary border)

edge of scapula closest to armpit, running from glenoid cavity to inferior angle

medial border of scapula (vertebral border)

edge closest to the vertebral column, running from the superior to the inferior angle

subscapular fossa

large, shallow depression on the anterior surface of the scapula that serves as the origin for the subscapularis muscle 

coracoid process of scapula

hook-like projections on the anterior surface, superior to the glenoid cavity; serves as attachment for muscles & ligaments

acromion of scapula

flat, expanded process ectnending from the spine of the scapula; forms the highest part of the shoulder & articulates w/ the clavicle

spine of scapula 

promiment ridge running across the posterior surface of the scapula; divides it into the supraspinous and infraspinous fossae

supraspinous fossa of scapula

shallow depression located above the spine; serves as the origin for the supraspinatus muscle

infraspinous fossa of scapula

large depression below spine, serves as orogin for infraspinatus muscle

glenoid fossa (cavity)

shallow, oval depression the lateral angle of the scapula; articulates w/ head of humerus to form the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint

humerus

inside the brachium, extends from shoulder to elbow

head of humerus

hemispherical, articulates w/ the glenoid cavity of the scapula

greater tubercle of humerus

prominent feature of the proximal end are muscle attachments

lesser tubercle of humerus 

prominent feature of the proximal end are muscle attachments, inferior to the greater tubercle

located on same side as deltoid tuberosity

bicipital groove of humerus

(intertubercular sulcus) accomodates a tendon of the biceps muscle

surgical neck of humerus

narrow region below tubercles and head; a common fracture site

anatomical neck of humerus

around the head, boundary of articular surface

deltoid tuberosity of humerus

on lateral surface, insertion for the deltoid muscle

lateral epicondyle of humerus

small projection on distal, lateral side; attachment for muscles of forearms (extensors)

medial epicondyle of humerus

larger projection on the distal, medial side; attachment site for forearm flexor muscles & ulnar nerves passes behind it (“funny bone”)

capitulum (condyle) of humerus

rounded knob on the distal, medial side; articulates with head of radius

trochlea (condyle) of humerus

rounded knob on the distal, medial side; articulates with trochlear knotch; larger than the capitulum

olecranon fossa of humerus

deep depression on posterior side above trochlea; receives olecranon process of ulna when the arm is extended

coronoid fossa of humerus

depression on anterior surface above trochlea; receives coronoid process of ulna during elbow flexion

radial fossa of humerus

small depression above capitulum on anterior surface; receives head of radius when elbow is flexed

ulna

main bone of the forearm that forms the elbow joint w/ the humerus; allows pronation and supination; identified by large hook at the top of bone

coronoid process of ulna

triangular projection on anterior side of proximal ulna; fits into coronoid fossa of humerus when elbow is flexed & provides attachment for brachalis muscle

olecranon process of ulna

large, curved projection on posterior side of proximal ulna; forms tip of elbow & fits into the olecranon fossa of humerus wehn arm is extended. it serves as an attachment site for triceps brachialis muscle

trochlear notch of ulna

deep, curved notch between the olecranon & coronoid processes; articulates w/ trochlea of humerus to form part of elbow joint

radial notch of ulna

small, smooth depression on the lateral side of proximal ulna; articulates w/ head of radius to form proximal radioulnar joint (rotation of forearm)

styloid process of ulna

pointed projection on the distal end of ulna; provides attachment for ligaments of wrist & helps stabilize ulnocarpal joint

radius

works w/ ulna to allow rotation of forearm (supination/pronation)

head of radius

disc-shaped proximal end that articulates w/ the capitulum of humerus & radial notch of ulna; allows radius to rotate around the ulna

neck of radius

narrow region just below the head; supports the head & serves as a passage for ligaments & muscle attachments

radial tuberosity of radius

rough projection just below the neck of the radius on the medial side; serves as attachment point for biceps brachii muscle

ulnar notch of radius

small depression on distal medial side; articulates w/ head of ulna to form the distal radioulnar joint

carpals

wrist bones, 2 rows of 4 bones each (proximal & distal)

proximal row of carpals

(lateral to medial) scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

scaphoid

boat-shaped near thumb; articulates w/ radius (most commonly fractured)

lunate

moon-shaped; articulates w/ radius; helps form wrist joint

triquetrum

pyramidal-shaped: articulates w/ the pisiform & ulna (through cartilage)

pisiform

small, pea-shaped on top of triquetrum; serves a sesamoid bone for flexor, corpi ulnaris

distal row of carpals

(lateral to medial) trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

trapeziUM

articulates w/ 1st metacarpal (thUMB); allows opposition

trapezoid

small bone between trapezium & capitate; articulates with 2nd metacarpal

capitate

largest carpal bone; centrally located;; articulates w/ 3rd metacarpal

hamate

has hook-like projection (hamulus); articulates w/ 4th and 5th metacarpals

Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate

metacarpals

framework of palm & connect wrist to fingers

metacarpal I

thumb

metacarpal II

index finger

metacarpal III

middle finger

metacarpal IV

ring finger

metacarpal V

little finger

base of metacarpals

proximal end; articulates with carpal bones

shaft (body) of metacarpals

elongated middle portion

head of metacarpals

distal, rounded; articulates w/ proximal phalanges (forms knuckles)

phalanges

finger or toe bones

proximal phalanx

closest to the hand or foot

middle phalanx

in between the proximal and distal phalanx

distal phalanx

finger or toe tip

how many phalanges does the pollex/hallux have?

the thumb/big toe only 2 phalanges

os coxa

fusion of 3 bones (ilium, ischium, & pubis)

ilium

largest, superior piece; supports abdominal organs & provides attachment for trunk and hip muscles 

anterior superior iliac spine

anterior projection for muscle & ligament attachment for trunk & hip muscles

iliac crest

upper ridge of ilium; attachmnet for abdominal, back, & thigh muscles (anterior to posterior)

sacroiliac joint

where each os coxae is joined the vertebral column (sacrum)

auricular surface

rough area that articulates w/ sacrum, forming the sacroiliac joint

greater sciatic notch of ilium

large notch below the posterior inferior iliac spine; allows passage of the sciatic nerve

ischium

inferoposterior part of hip bone; supports body weight when sitting

ischial spine

projection for ligament attachment between greater and lesser sciatic notches

lesser sciatic notch of ischium

below ischial spine; allows passage for tendons, nerves, and vessels

ischial tuberosity

thick, rough surface that supports your body when you are sitting; attachment for hamstring muscles

ischial ramus

extends anteriorly to join the pubis; helpsn enclose the obturator foramen

pubis (pubic bone)

inferoanterior portion of the hip bone; nearly horizontal in anatomical position & supports the urinary bladder

inferior & superior pubic ramus 

extends laterally to join ischium and contribute to obturator foramen

pubic symphysis

cartilaginous joint between the two pubic bones

pubic angle

angle formed below the pubic symphysis; wider in females for childbirth

acetabulum of os coxa

deep socket where the ilium, ischium, & pubis fuse; articulates w/ head of the fermur to form the hip joint

obturator foramen

large opening formed by the ischium & pubis; allows passage of blood vessels & nerves and mostly closed up by the obturator membrane

femur

longest & strongest bone, ¼ of a person’s height; sends body weight from hip to knee & enables walking, running, or jumping

head of femur

rounded proximal end that fits intop acetabulum to form the hip joint

fovea capitis of femur

a small hole/pit in the head where a ligament attaches femur to acetabulum

neck of femur

narrow region distal to the head, connecting it to the shaft; common fracture site in elderly

greater trochanter of femur

large projection on lateral side; attachment for gluteal muscles

lesser trochanter of femur

smaller projection on medial side; attach for iliopsoas muscle

linea aspera of femur

ridge on posterior shaft; attachment for thigh muscles

lateral and medial condyle of femur

distal surface that articulates w/ tibia at knee joint

intercondylar fossa of femur

deep groove between the condyles on posterior side for ligament attachment

lateral epicondyle of femur

widest points of the femur, easily palpated at the knee; muscle and ligament attachment

patella

roughly triangular sesamoid bone embedded in tendon of the knee; protects knee joints & improves leverage of quadriceps femoris muscle during leg extension