Learn: Intro to Kines Unit 1

Gross Anatomy: Macro structures

Structures that can be seen with the eye (via cadavers, xrays, MRI

Superficial Anatomy

Study of External features, links what you can see on the outside to the internal organs underneath

Regional Anatomy

How different structures work together in one specific part of the body

Medial vs Lateral

Medial: Closer to the midline of the body

Lateral: Further from the midline of the body

Anterior vs. Posterior

Anterior: closer to front of the body

Posterior: Closer to back of the body

Proximal vs Distal

Proximal: Towards the base of a limb

Distal: Further from the base of a limb

Systemic Anatomy

Study of organ systems in the body

Histology

Study of anatomy on the micro level (can see plant and animal tissue)

Noncontractile tissue

Soft tissue that is unable to contract and relax (common in older people)

Why do children often have more than 206 bones

As a child develops, some bones fuse together into one

Cortical vs Cancellous Bones

Cortical = Harder, exterioir

Cancellous = Spongy or softer (more ability to absorb force)

Structure of epithelial tissue

Sheets of tightly packed cells with minimal extracelluar matrix, can be simple (single layered) or stratified (multiple layers)

Function of Epithelial tissue

Protection, absorbtion, secretion, filtration and sensation

Examples of Epithelial Tissue

Simple squamous epithelium (lining of blood vessels), Transitional epithelium (urinary bladder), pseudostratified epithelium (skin, mouth, esophagus)

Structure of connective tissue

Diverse cells dispersed in an abundant extracellular matrix containing different fibers

Function of connective tissue

(Support, protection, transport, storage, insulation)

Examples of Connective Tissue

Loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, reticular), Dense connective tissue (tendons, ligaments), cartilage, bone, blood, lymph

Structure of Muscle Tissue

Elongated cells containing contractile proteins (actin, myosin)

Function of muscle tissue

Contraction for movement, posture, heat production

Examples of muscle tissue

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

Which types of muscles are voluntary?

Skeletal muscle

Which types of muscle are involuntary

Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

Structure of nervous tissue

Neurons and glial cells

Function of nervous tissue

Conducting electrical impulses, communication, regulation of body functions

Examples of nervous tissue

Central nervous system (brain, spinal cord), nerves

The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage and connective tissues. Main functions of the skeletal system include:

Rigid levers for motion, protection to internal organs and to produce and store nutrients and blood cells

Axial skeleton vs Appendicular skeleton

Axial- Skull, Rib Cage, Vertebrae

Appendicular- Appendage Bones (arms, legs), Pelvis, Pectoral

The shaft of long bones is called:

diaphysis

The ends of long bones are called:

epiphysis

Reasons bones are important to walking:

Act as levers that allow muscle to propel us forward, help to absorb ground force reaction forces, help to store energy and make walking more efficient, optimize stability

3 planes of movement:

Frontal, Sagittal, Transverse

Examples of an exercise on the frontal plane

Lateral raises/jumping jacks, side shuffles (any side to side movements)

Examples of exercises along the sagittal plane

Running/walking, bicep curls, rows, (any forward and backward motion)

Examples of exercises along the transverse plane

Russian twists/rotational medicine ball throws (any movement that involves twisting)

What are fibrous joints:

Immovable, such as the fusion of bones (skulls bones in adults)

Cartilaginous joints:

Strong, slightly moveable joints often surrounded by large cartilage structures (joints between vertebrae and the pubic bones)

Synovial joints:

Freely moveable with large, fluid filled capsules that can move in a variety of directions (shoulder, hip, elbow, knee). The following joints all fall under synovial joints

Hinge joint:

permits movement in one plane, usually flexion and extension (elbow, knee)

Saddle joint:

opposing articular surfaces with a concave-convex shape

Plane joint:

surfaces are flat and adjacent to each other, allowing bones to glide across one another (subtalar joint)

Pivot joints:

Allows for rotation only, formed by a central bony pivot (proximal and distal radioulnar joints)

Condyloid Joint:

convex surface which joins with a concave elliptical cavity (wrist joint)

Ball and socket joint:

ball shaped surface fits into a cup life depression, permits free movement on multiple axes (hips, shoulders)

Anterior

Front or towards the front

Posterior

Behind, towards the rear

Ventral

stomach side

Dorsal

back (spine) side

Cephalic

towards the head

Caudal

Towards the tail bone

Superior

above/at a high lever

Inferior

Below, at a lower level

Medial

Towards the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline

Distal

Away from the attached base of a limb

Proximal

Towards the attached base of a limb

Superficial

Towards or near the surface

Deep/profound

Away from the surface

Flexion:

anterior surfaces being brought together

Extension:

anterior surfaces are moved away from each other

Abduction

joint rotating away from the midline of the body

Adduction

joint rotating towards the midline of the body

internal rotation

anterior portion moving towards the midline of the body (internal rotation of the forearm is known as pronation)

External rotation

anterior portion moves away from the midline of the body (external rotation of the forearm is known as supination)

Accelerates the person while walking

Concentric contraction

Slows down the person walking

Eccentric contraction

Stabilizes a person while walking

Isometric contraction

Afferent flow:

Carries information towards the brain and spinal chord (information arrives)

Efferent flow:

Carries information way from the brain and spinal chord (exiting)

Function of Skeletal muscle

Produces body movement, maintains posture, generates heat

Advantages of Skeletal muscle

Voluntary and allows for precise movement, generates large amounts of force, supports posture and joint stability, major contributor to thermoregulation (produces heat)

Limitations to skeletal muscle

Easily fatigued, requires neural input for any action, susceptible to strains, tears and overuse injuries

Function of cardiac muscle

Pumps blood throughout the body

Advantages of cardiac muscle

Fatigue resistant, contracts continuously throughout life, highly efficient and possesses auto rhythmicity (generates its own electrical impulses)

Limitations of cardiac muscle:

Cannot be controlled consciously, limited regenerative capabilities, damage can permanently reduce function

Function of smooth muscle:

Move substances through internal organs

Advantages of smooth muscle

Extremely energy efficient, can maintain contractions for long periods of time (not easily fatigued), functions automatically, can stretch substantially while still maintaining function

Limitations of smooth muscle

Produces low force compared to skeletal muscle, slower contraction speed, limited precision compared to skeletal muscle

Sarcomere

contractile unit of a muscle fiber

actin and myosin

contractile proteins in muscle (contraction results from the sliding of these two filaments)

How muscles attach to bones

Tendons

Origin of muscle

the less moveable attachment point

insertion

the moveable attachment point of a muscle

Fast Fatiguable motor units

Muscle type 2B, produce quick, short bursts of power but fatigue quickly

Fast Fatigue resistant motor units

Muscle Type 2A, produce slightly less energy but are less susceptible to fatigue

Slow twitch motor units

Muscle type 1, fatigue very slowly and are designed for prolonged activities

Size principle of motor unit recruitment

Small motor units are recruited first (small = slow twitch), and as the demand for force increases, large motor units (fast twitch) are recruited

Crossbridge cycle

cyclical formation of links between actin and myosin resulting in the sliding of thin filaments along the thick filaments, producing/holding the muscle contraction

Titin

A protein responsible for allowing the sarcomere to stretch and recoil (acts as a spring, uses free energy we think)

Non-contractile elastic fatures

Fascia around the muscles, titin at the ends of sarcomere, tendons

Contractile tissue

Contains actin and myosin, uses crossbridge cycle

Muscular Endurance

ability of a muscle or muscle group to perform repeated contractions over a prologned period without becoming fatigued

Muscular Strength