APES Unit 2.6 Adaptations

Microevolution

The change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population

Macroevolution

the process of large-scale evolutionary changes that happen over long periods of time and can lead to the formation of entirely new species.

Evolution Methods

• Artificial Selection

• Natural Selection

Random Process: Random changes in the frequency of traits in a population, especially in small populations

Types of Random Processes

1. Mutation: occasional mistakes in the copying process, which produces a random change in the genetic code

2. Gene Flow: process by which individuals move from one population to another and thereby alter the genetic composition of both populations

3. Genetic Drift: change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating

4. Bottleneck Effect

5. Founder Effect

GMO

Genetically Modified Organisms— organism produced by copying genes from a species with some desirable trait and inserting them into other species of plants, animals, or microbes.

Geographic Isolation

organism produced by copying genes from a species with some desirable trait and inserting them into other species of plants, animals, or microbes

Allopatric Speciation

organism produced by copying genes from a species with some desirable

trait and inserting them into other species of plants, animals, or microbes.

Sympatric Speciation 

evolution of one species into two, without geographic isolation

• Sometimes a result of Polyploidy: number of chromosomes sets increases from 2, sometimes resulting in sympatric speciation

Darwin's 5 key ideas when it came to his theory of evolution by natural selection

1. Individuals produce an excess of offspring.

2. Not all offspring can survive.

3. Individuals differ in their traits.

4. Differences in traits can be passed on from parents to offspring.

5. Differences in traits are associated with differences in the ability to survive and reproduce.