AP EURO - Period 3

c. 1815 to c. 1914

Congress of Vienna

led by Metternich to restore Europe to pre-Napoleon stability, made sure France would not attack another country again, and returned legitimacy back to the kings

Concert of Europe

was a reactionary conservative effort to restore Europe, 1815-1914 → alliance to avoid war and created a balance of power

Conservatism

emphasizes tradition, and wanted a strong authoritarian government

Liberalism

main ideas: liberty and equality, universal suffrage, free religion, representative government, free speech

Romanticism

artistic movement 1790s-1840 that emphasized emotional exuberance, imagination, and spontaneity, revival of religious art

Nationalism

idea that each ppl had its own identity that manifested itself in a common language and history which led to the desire of an independent state

Revolutions of 1848

widespread nationalist revolts for independence

Neoclassicism

revival of antiquity in art and philosophy, rejected Baroque and Rococo art

Flora Tristan

believed that you couldn’t free workers without freeing women and vice versa, “The Workers Union" (1843) - called for national workers union with free education and healthcare, etc.

Florence Nightingale

founder of modern nursing, transformed techniques in Crimean War, used statistics to influence policy

Queen Victoria

created the Victorian era and expanded Britian’s empire, was a symbol of unity, stability and continuity

Socialism

reform, not overthrow, called for government intervention to regulate economy and workers’ rights

Crimean War (1853-1856)

Russia wanted to expand their influence in the Balkans, while France and Britian aligned with Ottomans, it exposed the military and industrial backwardness of Russia, sealed Ottomans fate

Chartist Movement

1830s-40s movement in Britain that called for universal male suffrage and aimed at making the government more representative

Luddites

protested against the rise of industrial machinery as they feared it would take jobs from workers, would destroy machinery

Corn Laws

series of laws that imposed high tariffs on imported grain when domestic prices fell, repealed after Irish Potato Famine (1846)

Anti-Corn Law League

est. 1838, led protests against the Corn Laws as poverty increased

First International

est 1864, formed by British and French trade unionists, led to labor reforms

Matchgirls Strike (1888)

strike that protested toxic conditions and unfair wages

Great Exhibition (1851)

housed in Crystal Palace, showed off British industry

Thomas Malthus

thought that the population would outstrip food supply but checks on population were disease, famine and war

Ricardo

“Iron Law of Wages” (1817), thought that in the long run, wages would tend toward the minimum level

Utilitarian

Jeremy Bentham argued that laws and institutions should aim to maximize happiness

Textile Industry

One of the first industries to be mechanized in the UK, with the invention of the spinning jenny and the power loom leading to increased productivity and lower costs.

Steam Power

The development of steam power and the steam engine by James Watt and others revolutionized transportation and manufacturing, allowing factories to be located away from water sources and enabling the creation of railways and steamships.

Mass Leisure

The availability of leisure activities and entertainment to a large segment of the population, including sports, movies, music, and theme parks, which has been linked to the growth of tourism and entertainment industry.

Cult of Domesticity

A cultural ideology that idealized women's role in the home and family, emphasizing their domestic duties and virtues.

Revolutions of 1830

A series of uprisings that occurred in France, Belgium, and Poland, demanding constitutional reforms and greater political participation.

Paris Commune of 1871

A socialist government established by the people of Paris, France, in an attempt to create a more equal society.

Russian Revolution of 1905

An unsuccessful revolution that took place in Russia, demanding political and social reforms, including the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, universal suffrage, and the abolition of serfdom.

Greek War of Independence

A conflict fought between Greece and the Ottoman Empire from 1821 to 1832, with the Greeks seeking to establish an independent state, free from Ottoman rule.

Decembrist Revolt

An uprising against Tsar Nicholas I in December 1825 led by a group of liberal nobles who sought to establish a constitutional monarchy in Russia, which was quickly suppressed by the Tsar's forces.

Nicholas I

A conservative ruler who opposed many of the liberal reforms introduced by his predecessors, strengthening the power of the secret police and introducing censorship laws to suppress dissent, expanding Russia's territory through military conquests.

Communism

A form of socialism that advocates for the abolition of private property and the establishment of a classless society through revolution

Karl Marx

A German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary who developed the theory of communism.

Spinning Jenny

Invented by James Hargreaves | A multi-spindle spinning frame that revolutionized the textile industry by increasing the production of yarn. |

Water Frame

Invented by Richard Arkwright; A water-powered spinning frame that produced stronger and finer yarns than the Spinning Jenny. |

Telegraph

Invented by Samuel Morse; A device that used electrical signals to transmit messages over long distances, revolutionizing communication.

Bessemer Process

Invented by Henry Bessemer; A method for mass-producing steel by blowing air through molten iron to remove impurities, making steel production faster and cheaper.

Social Darwinism

A social theory that applies the principles of natural selection to human societies and social classes, often used to justify racism and discriminatory policies.

New Imperialism

A period of imperialism from the late 19th to the early 20th century that focused on acquiring territories for political and strategic reasons, with colonies being established for political and military purposes and indigenous people often being subjugated and their cultures suppressed. Racism and Social Darwinism were used to justify imperialism.

Boxer Rebellion

A response to the economic and political domination of foreign powers, particularly Britain and Japan in China (1899-1901).

Berlin Conference

hosted by Otto von Bismarck to formulate policy on colonization of Africa, stated boundaries reflected effective possession

Sepoy Rebellion of 1857

A response to the British East India Company's exploitation of Indian resources and the imposition of British culture and religion, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.

First Balkan War (1912)

Conflict between Ottoman Empire and Balkan League (Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro). Balkan League won, Ottoman Empire lost most of its European territory.

Second Balkan War (1913)

Conflict between Bulgaria and its former allies Serbia and Greece, resulting in Bulgaria's defeat and loss of territory.

Indian independence movement

Movement that aimed to end British colonial rule in India. Led by figures such as Mahatma Gandhi, it used nonviolent civil disobedience tactics to achieve independence.

White Man’s Burden

a poem by Kipling, burden to protect and modernize African countries and bring the three cs.

African Independence Movement

Movement that aimed to end colonial rule in Africa and establish independent nations. It was characterized by protests, boycotts, and armed resistance. Many African countries gained independence in the 1950s and 1960s, though some struggled with civil wars and political instability.

Realism

stressed the depiction of life as it actually was, included taboo topics, Gustave Courbet + Jean-Francois Millet

Impressionism

began in 1870s, captured the impression of a moment rather than a detailed scene

Louis Pasteur

created the germ theory - that disease was spread through living organism rather than the air, led to pasteurization + disinfectant

Dreyfus Affair

Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French Army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason, the Catholic church sided against Dreyfus

Theodor Herzel

believed Jews could never escape antisemitism so they needed their own homeland, father of Zionism

pogroms

violent mob-led attacks targeting Jewish communities, mostly in Eastern Europe and Russia (Kishinev Pogrom in 1908)

German Unification (ended in 1867)

Reached through Bismarck’s tactics of uniting the country through war and resulted in a constitutional monarchy led by Prussia

Italian Unification

Mazzini’s Young Italy spread nationalism, then Cavour aligned with Napoleon III to fight Austria, eventually Napoleon pulled out, but they kept fighting. Cavour and Garibaldi align and Garibaldi wages war in the south, they were successful. Finished in 1861

Public Health Acts (1848)

Passed in England after Cholera outbreaks to make boards of public health and regulate sanitation levels

Disraeli

conservative English politician that used liberal reform to gain power, created a modern sewer system and established a sanitary code in 1875

Suffragettes

led by the Pankhurst family, were more militant and would set fire and bomb public buildings

Napoleon III

staged a coup d’etat and named himself emperor and created the 2nd empire, supported workers’ rights, housing, education and healthcare

Baron Haussman

worked for Napoleon III and completely remodeled Paris to widen streets and expand the city

suffragists

led by Millicent Fawcett, campaigned for middle class women, non-confrontational, peaceful protests and pamphlets

King Leopold III

used the Congo as a personal colony and brutally exploited the African people to harvest rubber, this was widely unpopular with the general public

French rule in Africa

direct rule, used paternalism (established schools, hospitals, and courts), attempted assimiliation

The Boer War (1899-1902)

British immigrants revolted against Boer government and British army gets involved, they begin winning so Boers use guerilla warfare, then the British use the scorched earth policy and throw women and children into concentration camps, ended with the Treaty of Vereeniging