Botany Lab FINAL

Phylum Magnoliophyta general characteristics

-Angiosperm (from the Greek ”angion” (vessel) and “sperma” (seed))
-Vascular
-Sporophyte dominant
-Heterosporous (Microgametophyte reduced to a pollen grain; Megagametophyte as an embryo sac)

Flowers’s whole reproductive structures

The whole reproductive structures consisting of: perianth, sepals, petals, stamen, and pistil

Perianth

Two rings of sterile appendages

Sepals

Outer ring and commonly green

What is all of the sepals combined?

Calyx

Petals

Inner ring and commonly showy

What is all of the petals combined?

Corolla

Stamen

-Ring(s) of pollen bearing male structures.
-Filament and ather
-Collectively = androecium

Pistil

-Ring(s) of single, female structure
-Stigma, style, and ovary
-Collectively = gynoecium

What is the purple part?

Corolla; all of the petals combined.

What is the red part?

Petals

What is the green part?

Anther

What is the black part?

Filament

What is the dark blue part?

Stamen

What is the yellow part?

Stigma

What is the lime part?

Style

What is the orange part?

Ovary

What is the light blue part?

Pistil

What is the white part? (towards the bottom)

Sepals

What is the pink part?

Calyx

Pollination

The transfer of pollen to the stigma

Fertilization

Fusion of the male and female gametes

Pollen reaches ovule by means of germinating on one part of pistil- the [blank]-
and grows down the [blank], into the [blank], where ovules are located, to
release the sperm nuclei into the ovules.

Stigma, style (stalk), ovary

What kind of flower symmetry is this?

Actinomorphic

What kind of flower symmetry is this?

Zygomorphic

What kind of petal fusion is this?

Separate

What kind of petal fusion is this?

Fused

Asteraceae (Sunflower Family)

Characterized by having flowers in an
inflorescence called an “involucrate head”, these heads can have as few as 2 flowers but
can also have hundreds. Heads can be made of either ray, disk, or ray AND disk flowers

Ray Flowers

All 5 petals fused into one big petal on the side.

Disk Flowers

All 5 petals distinct (maybe fused into a
tube...maybe)

Ovary Positioning

Superior vs inferior; depends on where ovary is placed in relation to the calyx.

Inferior Ovary (Epigynous)

Ovary positioned below calyx (Ex: apple)

Superior Ovary (Hypogynous)

Ovary positioned above calyx (Ex: tomato)

From flower to fruit is after what?

After pollination and fertilization, the
embryo matures into a mature ovary (what
we call a fruit)

Fruit’s different characteristics

-Placentation
-Dry/fleshy
-Dehiscent/indehiscent
-Simple/aggregate/multiple/accessory
-Many, many others specific to different
groups of plants

Ovary placentation

-Where in the ovary the ovules/seeds are attached.
-Four major types: marginal, parietal, axile, and free-central

Marginal ovary placentation

-Seeds attached along one side.
-Placenta (and subsequent seeds) develops on the ventral side forming two rows
-Common in the bean family (Fabaceae)

Parietal ovary placentation

-Attached to fruit edge in several places
-Placenta develops on multiple axes forming multiple rows attached to the external
wall of the ovary cavity (typically three rows).
-Common in the melon family (Cucurbitaceae) and the violet family (Violaceae)
among many others.

Axile ovary placentation

-Seeds attached to central dividing walls
-Placenta develops along a central axis in the fruit.
-Common in the nightshade family (Solanaceae)

Free-Central ovary placentation

-Attached to a central pole
-Similar to axile placentation, however, the placenta is not connected by any divisions to the ovary wall. So, it’s more like the ovules develop on a low stalk within the fruit
-Common in the carnation family (Caryophyllaceae)

Fleshy vs dry

Fleshy is like melons and grapes, dry is like acorn seeds.

Dehiscent vs indehiscent

Does the fruit open when mature or not?
If yes, dehiscent (ex: pea pod)
If not, indehiscent (ex: apple)

The 4 types of development of fruits (depends on the flower anatomy)

1. Simple fruit

2. Aggregate fruit

3. Multiple fruit

4. Accessory fruit

Simple fruit

-an indehiscent fruit derived from a single ovary having one or many seeds within a fleshy wall
-Ex: Blueberries, peaches

Aggregate fruit

-Develops from the merger of several ovaries that were separated in a single flower
-Ex: Strawberries

Multiple fruit

-Formed from a cluster of flowers (an inflorescence)
-Ex: Pineapple

Accessory fruit

-A type of fleshy fruit that includes some other part of the flower in addition to that which is
derived from the ovary.
-Ex: Strawberries, pears

Lily

Lilium

Water lily

Nymphaea odorata

Carnation

Diauthus caryophyllus

Crepe myrtle

Lagerstroemia indica
-is dry, indehiscent, and the ovary is inferior

Parthenocarpic plants

Can produce fruit even in the absence of developing seeds. (Ex: bananas and pineapples)

Tomatoes

Solanum lycopersicum
-Is fleshy, indehiscent, superior ovary.

Snap Peas

Pisum sativum
-Dry, dehiscent, ovary is inferior

Blueberries

Vaccinium sp.
-Fleshy, inferior ovary, indehiscent

Apples

Malus domestica
-Fleshy, indehiscent, and the ovary is inferior

Star anise

Illicium verum
-Dry, indehiscent

Blackberry/raspberry

-Rubus sp.
-Fleshy, indehiscent

Red maple

-Acer rubrum
-Indehiscent, dry

Yaupon Holly

-Ilex vomitoria
-Dioecious (one sex), apart of the holly family (Aquifoliaceae)

Leaf (lamina + petiole)

Pinnate venation

Entire margin

a smooth leaf edge with no teeth or notches. simplest leaf margin

Alternate leaf arrangement

Leafs alternate on the branch- they’re not parallel to each other.

Pinnately compound leaf

a leaf that is divided into smaller leaflets that are arranged on either side of the leaf's central stalk,

Simple leaf

The leaf may be lobed or divided, but does not form distinct leaflets.

Acute leaf apex

Pointed edge of leaf. > 90 degrees.

Spines/thorns

Thorns are modified stems, while spines are modified leaves.

glabrous

no hairs

tendril

climbing attachment

cordate leaf base

heart-shaped

petiolate

having a petiole or stalk

Palmate venation

a leaf's vein pattern where the main veins radiate from a single point, usually near the base of the leaf

Serrate margin

a leaf margin with sharp teeth that point forward towards the leaf's apex, similar to the teeth of a saw

Opposite leaf arrangement

Leaves are parallel to each other on the branch… straight across.

Palmately compound leaf

a type of leaf with leaflets that radiate out from a single point of attachment, similar to the shape of a hand's palm and fingers

Deciduous

Leaves fall off

Acuminate leaf apex

long, thin point

Glaucous

Gray waxy

Sessile

attached directly by the base and not raised on a stalk

Parallel venation

Spiny margin

Prickly edges like a holly

Lobed leaf

Bipinnately compound

Leaves are twice divided; the leaflets are arranged along a secondary vein, which is one of several veins branching off the middle vein

Evergreen

Pith

a tissue in the stems of vascular plants and is composed of soft, spongy parenchyma cells, which in some cases can store starch. Ex: oranges when you peel it.

Pubescent

Hairy

Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi

-May be unicellular or multicellular
-Heterotrophic (via excretion of enzymes and then
absorption)
-Cell walls of chitin
-Composed of threadlike filaments called hyphae, organized into a body/mycelium
-Can reproduce sexually, asexually, or both
-Produce spores which can be dispersed via wind, water, animals, etc.
-Arranged into phyla based on reproductive structures: Zygomycota, Basidiomycota, Ascomycota

The 3 Fungi phyla based on reproductive structures.

Zygomycota, Basidiomycota, Ascomycota

Phylum Zygomycota

-Reproduce sexually AND asexually
-Most of the sexual life cycle is in the haploid (n) or dikaryotic (n + n) state
-Once the nuclei fuse and the cell becomes truly diploid, it almost immediately
undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores.

Karyogamy

fusion of two nuclei

Coenocytic

division of nuclei without cytokinesis (multinucleate cells)

Phylum Ascomycota

-Sac fungus…includes some edible fungi, parasites, and yeasts
-Asexual reproduction: Looks like pom poms on the hyphae. Conidiophores making genetically identical Conidiospores.
-Sexual reproduction: Uses an ascocarp for protection. Ascocarp contains many asci (singular ascus) which have 8 ascospores each.

Morels

Morchella americana

What’s the disease/parasite that gets inside insects and kills them slowly? (Phylum Ascomycota)

Cordyceps sp.

Phylum Basidiomycota

-Includes true mushrooms, plant diseases
(dutch elm disease, rusts, smuts, etc.)
-Usually undergo sexual reproduction…
-When the mycelium fuse, the
dikaryotic mycelium forms and
pushes up above ground. (i.e.
the mushroom). Spores are produced within
the gills on basidia via meiosis.

Lichens

-Mutualistic/parastitic relationship between
fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. These only have one scientific name even though they are two organisms.
-The algae/cyanobacteria provide
carbohydrates for the fungi via
photosynthesis.
-The fungus provides water for the algae
allowing it to live terrestrially.
-There are three types of lichen based on morphology:
crustose, foliose, & fruticose

3 Types of lichen (based on morphology)

1. crustose (crust-like)

2. foliose (leaf-like)

3. fruticose (brancy, vine-like)

Why are fungi important?

-Food Products: Wine, cheese, beer, bread, mushrooms, truffles
-Medicines: Penicillium (Penicillin), Ergot (LSD)
-Human Diseases: Athlete’s Foot, Jock Itch, Dermatitis, Ringworm
-Plant Diseases: Wheat rust, potato blight, ergot fungus

Ecological Importance

-Decomposers: Break down/ decomposition of detritus (dead organic matter), consume nutrients via absorptive heterotrophy, “Nature’s Recylclers”
-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AM): Mutualistic relationship with plant roots. Most angiosperms have a particular mycorrhizal assosciation