Unit 1- Biology- B2- [Cell specialisation]

This is the B2 of the applied science foundation diploma series of Pearson edexcel

Why do cells specialise?

So that they are tasked with different functions and roles

Where are palisade mesophyll cells found?

In plant leaves

What do palisade mesophyll cells contain?

Chloroplast

What is the chloroplast able to do?

Absorb a large amount of light for photosynthesis

What do the chloroplasts do in order to maximise the amount of light absorbed?

They move around in the cytoplasm

What are palisade cells surrounded by?

A plasma membrane and a cell wall made of cellulose

What does the cell wall and cell membrane do to the cell?

Helps protect the cell and keep it rigid

What feature does the pmc (palisade mesophyll cell) have to maintain turgor pressure?

It has a large centre vacuole

What is the meaning of Turgor?

The rigidity of plant cells due to pressure of cell contents on the cell wall

What is the structure A?

Cell membrane

What is the structure G?

Cell wall

What is the structure D?

Mitochondria

What is the structure F?

Vacuole

What is the structure B?

Cytoplasm

What is the structure E?

Chloroplast

What is the structure C?

Nucleus

Where are root hair cells found?

They are found at the plants root, near the growing tip

What structure does the root hair cell have?

Long hair-like extensions called root hairs.

What does the root hairs enable the cell to do?

Increase surface area of the cell to maximise the movement of water and minerals from the soil into the plant root

What type of walls does the root hair cell have?

Thin cellulose walls

What else does the root hair cell have?

A vacuole which contains cell sap with low water potential

What is the meaning of water potential?

A measure of ability of water molecules to move in a solution

What does the low water potential in the vacuole encourage?

The movement of water into the cell

What is the structure A?

Cell membrane

What is structure F?

Vacuole

What is structure D?

Cytoplasm

What is structure B?

Cell wall

What is structure C

Nucleus

What is structure E?

Root hair

Whare sperm cells found?

In the testes

What are sperm cells?

Male gametes

What is the meaning of gametes?

One set of chromosomes compared to two sets in the parent cells

What is the name of the structure that enables to sperm to move?

Undulipodium or flagellum

Why do sperm need a lot of mitochondria?

To supply the energy needed for the locomotion

What is the head of the sperm made of ?

Acrosome

What is acrosome?

A digestive enzyme which is released when the sperm meets the egg, to digest the protective layer and allow the sperm to penetrate

What is the function of the sperm?

To deliver genetic information to the egg cell or ovum

When the egg and sperm join together, what is the process called?

Fertilisation

What is structure A?

Head

What is structure H?

Acrosome

What is structure B?

Nucleus

What is structure G?

Neck

What is structure C?

Mitochondrion (spiral shape)

What is structure F?

Middle piece

What is structure D?

Undulipodium

What is structure E?

Plasma membrane

Where is the egg cell found?

Ovaries

What are egg cells?

Female gametes

What is the zona pellucida?

The outer protective membrane of the egg

What is attached to the the zona pellucida?

The corona radiata

What is the function of the corona radiata?

To supply proteins needed by the fertilised egg cell

What is the name of structure A?

Corona radiata

What is the name for structure D?

Zona pelluccida

What is the name of structure B?

Nucleus

What is the name of structure C?

Cytoplasm

Where are red blood cells found?

In the blood stream

What is another name for red blood cells?

Erythrocytes

What type of shape is the red blood cell?

Biconcave shape

What does this shape do for the red blood cell?

Increases the surface area to volume ratio

Why are red blood cells flexible?

So that they can squeeze through narrow blood capillaries

What is the function of a red blood cell?

To transport oxygen around the body

What feature does the red blood cell NOT have that other cell have?

It has no nucleus

Why does the red blood cell not have a nucleus?

To increase the space for haemoglobin molecules inside the cell that carry oxygen

What is haemoglobin?

A protein molecule in red blood cells. It carries oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body and carbon dioxide back to the lungs

What is a Neutrophil?

A type of white blood cell

What feature does a neutrophil have that enables it to squeeze through gaps when travelling to a site of infection?

Multi-lobed nuclei

What does the cytoplasm contain?

Lysosomes

What do lysosomes contain?

Enzymes that are used to digest pathogens

What is a pathogen?

A microorganism that can cause disease

What role do neutrophils have?

They have an important role in the immune system

What is structure A?

Multi-lobed nucleus

What is structure B?

Granulated cytoplasm