BIO1320 LAB

Dr. Pass lab quiz prep materials

Abbreviation

a shortened version of a word used to save time

Acronym

a combination of the first letters of a series of words making up a recognizable pattern to represent said phrase

Language of Origin for Biological Terminology

Greek and/or Latin

Prefix

at the beginning of a word

Root Word

the main focus of the word

Suffix

at the end of the word

Eponym

terms that generally include the name of the person who discovered the structure, pathway of event as a way of honouring their work

Descriptive Term

the ‘scientific’ or ‘technical’ name

Down’s Syndrome = Eponym

Trisomy 21 = Descriptive Term

Pluralizing Terms

Classifications of Life

1. DOMAIN - Eukarya

2. KINGDOM - Animilia

3. PHYLUM - Chordata

4. CLASS - Mammalia

5. ORDER - Primates

6. FAMILY - Hominidae

7. GENUS - Homo

8. SPECIES - sapien

Mean Calculation

= sum of lengths/# of individuals in sample

Variance Calculation

= sum of (differences between each length and mean)² / #of individuals in sample - 1

Standard Deviation Calculation

= square root of Variance

Evolution

the process by which life has changed through time

Species

a group of similarly constructed organisms that share common genes

Population

all the members of a species living in a particular area

Adaptation

structures, physiology, and behaviour that make an organism suited to its environment

2 Types of Data to Support Evolution

1. Comparative Anatomy

2. Biochemical Comparison

Human Skull

• consists of 22 bones including the lower jaw

• 8/22 bones are paired

• bones fit together at immovable joints called SUTURES

Humans and Apes have

• 4 canine teeth

• 8 premolars

• 12 molars

• 8 incisors

Prognathism

is the extent to which the jaw and face protrude forward when viewed from the side

Brow Ridge

the mass of bone over the eye sockets, functions to support the upper facial skeleton against forces produced by chewing

Sagittal Crest

is a thin ridge of bone a top and down the middle of the braincase

associated with having a small braincase and powerful jaws

Foramen Magnum

is the large opening in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes

reflects the posture of the body

Canine Diastema

is the gap in the teeth corresponding to the canines opposite jaw

Homologous

if they exhibit similar basic structures and embryonic origins

Analogous

structures similar in function only

Molecular Clock Theory

states that the number of amino acid changes between organisms is proportional to the length of time since two organisms began evolving separately from a common ancestor

Cytochrome C

a sequence of amino acids

a carrier of electrons in the electron transport chain found in mitochondria and chloroplasts

found in a variety of organisms

Relatedness via Antibody-Antigen Tests

the more closely related these animals are to humans, the more precipitate forms during an antibody test with human serum

A Population Evolves IF:

• it contains variation

• the variation is at least partly heritable

• some variants survive to reproduce at higher rates than others

Geological Time Scale

pertains to the history of Earth from its formation 4-4.5 billion years ago to the present

the ages of rocks can be measured in years by analyzing naturally occurring radioactive elements found in minute quantities in certain rocks and minerals

Eras of Time

• Paleozoic (ancient life)

• Mesozoic (middle life)

• Cenozoic (recent life)

divided again into periods

Periods of Time

OLDER

• Cambrian

• Ordovician

• Silurian

• Devonian

• Carboniferous

• Permian

• Triassic

• Jurassic

• Cretaceous

• Tertiary

• Quaternary

NEWER