BSC2086 Chapters 19 & 20: Heart and Blood Vessel Vocabulary

Flashcards covering heart anatomy, electrical conduction, physiology, blood vessel structure, and systemic regulation based on the lecture transcript.

Blood Pressure (BP) Formula

$$BP = CO \times SVR$$

Coronary Perfusion

Blood flow to the heart muscle that occurs specifically during diastole.

Arterioles

The primary vessels that control systemic vascular resistance.

Afterload

The resistance against which the ventricle must work to eject blood.

Increased SVR

A condition that results in increased left ventricular (LV) workload.

Increased Hydrostatic Pressure

A condition that leads to the development of edema.

Tachycardia (Impact on Heart)

A rapid heart rate that leads to decreased diastolic time and decreased coronary perfusion.

Mediastinum

The central compartment of the thoracic cavity where the heart is located.

Pericardium

The double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels.

Epicardium

The outermost layer of the heart wall, also known as the visceral serous pericardium.

Myocardium

The thick middle layer of the heart composed of cardiac muscle tissue.

Endocardium

The innermost layer of the heart that lines the chambers and valves.

Papillary Muscles

Muscles located in the ventricles that attach to the chordae tendineae to prevent valve inversion.

Chordae Tendineae

Fibrous cords (often called 'heart strings') that connect papillary muscles to the tricuspid and mitral valves.

Trabeculae Carneae

Rounded or irregular muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricles.

Pectinate Muscles

Parallel ridges of muscle on the inner wall of the atria.

Tricuspid Valve

The atrioventricular valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.

Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve

The atrioventricular valve located between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

Stenosis

A condition where a heart valve becomes narrowed, restricting blood flow.

Regurgitation

The backflow of blood through a heart valve that does not close properly.

Prolapse

A condition where the valve leaflets bulge backward into the atrium during contraction.

Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD)

A major branch of the left coronary artery that supplies blood to the anterior part of the heart.

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

The primary pacemaker of the heart located in the right atrium.

Purkinje Fibers

Specialized conducting fibers that spread the electrical impulse to the ventricular myocardium.

Depolarization

The electrical change that triggers muscle contraction.

Repolarization

The electrical recovery phase of the heart muscle.

QRS Complex

The part of an EKG representing ventricular depolarization.

Ejection Fraction (EF)

The percentage of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each contraction.

Stroke Volume (SV)

The volume of blood pumped from a ventricle with each beat.

Cardiac Output (CO)

The total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

End-Diastolic Volume (EDV)

The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of filling.

End-Systolic Volume (ESV)

The volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction.

Preload

The degree of stretch on the heart muscle at the end of ventricular filling.

Frank-Starling Mechanism

The principle that the heart pumps more forcefully when the muscle fibers are stretched by more blood (increased EDV).

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

A heart attack caused by the interruption of blood supply to part of the heart muscle.

ST Elevation

A specific EKG finding often associated with an acute myocardial infarction.

Left-Sided Heart Failure

A condition leading to pulmonary congestion and pulmonary edema due to the heart's inability to pump blood into systemic circulation.

Tetralogy of Fallot

A rare condition caused by a combination of four heart defects present at birth.

Cyanosis

A bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood.

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)

Thickening of the wall of the heart's main pumping chamber.

Tunica Media

The middle layer of a blood vessel wall, composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers.

Vasa Vasorum

Small blood vessels that supply the walls of large blood vessels.

Capacitance Vessels

A term used for veins because they can hold a large volume of blood.

Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)

The resistance the left ventricle must overcome to pump blood through the systemic circulation.

Pulse Pressure

The difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Oncotic Pressure

A form of osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins that pulls fluid back into the blood vessels.

RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System)

A hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.

Angiotensin II

A potent vasoconstrictor produced in the RAAS pathway that increases blood pressure.

Aldosterone

A hormone that increases sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, increasing blood volume.

ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)

A hormone released by the atria that promotes salt and water excretion to lower blood pressure.

Brachiocephalic Trunk

The first major branch of the aortic arch.

Celiac Trunk

A major branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies the upper abdominal organs.

Dorsalis Pedis Artery

An artery on the upper surface of the foot where the pulse can be assessed.

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

A circulatory condition in which narrowed blood vessels reduce blood flow to the limbs.

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

A blood clot that forms in a vein deep in the body, usually in the legs.

Pulmonary Embolism

A blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs, often caused by a blood clot from a DVT.