cell structure anatomy unit 2 quiz

Cilium

A short, hair-like structure that protrudes from the surface of some eukaryotic cells, used for movement or sensing the environment.

Nucleus

The membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.

Turgor Pressure

The pressure exerted by the fluid inside the central vacuole of a plant cell against the cell wall, helping to maintain its structure.

Ribosomes

Molecular machines in cells that synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA.

Cell/Plasma Membrane

The semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell, composed of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

Cellulose

A polysaccharide that forms the structural component of the cell wall in plants.

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant cells that conducts photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.

Centrioles

Cylindrical structures that play a role in cell division by helping to organize the mitotic spindle.

Lysosomes

Organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.

Flagella

Long, whip-like structures that enable certain cells to swim or move through liquid environments.

Nucleolus

A dense structure within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized and ribosome assembly begins.

Cytoplasm

The gel-like substance within the cell membrane that contains organelles and is the site of many metabolic processes.

DNA/Chromatin

The material that makes up chromosomes, consisting of DNA and proteins; it carries genetic information.

Endocytosis

The process by which cells internalize substances by engulfing them in a membrane-bound vesicle.

Mitochondrion

An organelle known as the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A type of endoplasmic reticulum that is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification processes.

Peroxisome

An organelle that contains enzymes for breaking down fatty acids and detoxifying harmful substances.

Golgi Body/Apparatus

An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that provides structural support, shape, and facilitates movement within the cell.

Amyloplasts

Organelles that store starch in plant cells.

Lysosome

An organelle responsible for breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.

Tonoplast

The membrane surrounding the central vacuole in plant cells, regulating the movement of ions and molecules.

Nuclear Pores

Protein complexes that allow the transport of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Microtubules, Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments

Components of the cytoskeleton that provide structure, shape, and facilitate intracellular transport.

Apoptosis

The process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

The molecule that carries the genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known living organisms.

What is the singular term for cilia?

cilium.

What organelle is directly responsible for synthesizing proteins?

The ribosome

What is considered the control center of the cell?

The nucleus

Why is turgor pressure important to a plant cell?

helps maintain the plant cell's shape and provides structural support.

What polysaccharide makes up the main component of plant cell walls?

Cellulose

Name two organelles found in animal cells but not found in plant cells.

Lysosomes and centrioles

What is the dense region found within the nucleus called?

nucleolus.

What is the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration?

The balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration is C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy.

What are two structural differences between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on its surface, while the smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not.

What is a function of lysosomes?

recycling of dead or damaged organelles and the breakdown of lipids.

What does semipermeable membrane mean?

allows certain molecules to pass through while blocking others.

What are two similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts?

double membranes and contain their own DNA.

What is considered the powerhouse of the cell?

The mitochondrion

What is the singular term for flagella?

flagellum.

This organelle looks like a stack of membrane 'pancakes'. What is this organelle?

Golgi apparatus.

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesize?

synthesizes lipids and detoxifies certain chemicals.

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

provides structural support and helps in the movement of organelles within the cell.

What organelle can cause a cell to undergo apoptosis?

Mitochondria

What is the name of the membrane surrounding the central vacuole in a plant cell?

tonoplast.

What are two functions of the plant cell wall?

provides structural support and protection, and helps regulate water intake.

What is turgor pressure?

the pressure exerted by the fluid inside the central vacuole against the cell wall.

What function do the nuclear pores have?

regulate the transport of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

What is the liquid component of the cytoplasm called?

cytosol.

What occurs within the nucleolus?

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized and ribosome assembly begins

What organelle makes lysosomes?

the Golgi apparatus.

What is the combination of DNA and proteins called?

chromatin.

What is the function of flagella?

whip-like structures that enable cellular movement.

What is the function of vesicles?

transport materials within the cell and can also help in the secretion of substances.

What is the function of centrioles?

involved in cell division and help in the formation of spindle fibers.

What is the singular term for mitochondria?

mitochondrion.

What is one important function of the central vacuole in plant cells?

stores nutrients and waste products, and helps maintain turgor pressure in plant cells.

How is the cell/plasma membrane structurally different from the nuclear membrane?

The plasma membrane is primarily composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, while the nuclear membrane consists of two lipid bilayers and has nuclear pores.

What organelle merges with a food vacuole to digest its contents?

Lysosomes

List the reactants and the products of cellular respiration.

glucose and oxygen, and the products are carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

Name the three structural components of the cytoskeleton.

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

Name two structures found in plant cells but not found in animal cells.

Chloroplasts and cell walls

What is the function of amyloplasts?

responsible for the formation and storage of starch.

What is the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesize?

synthesizes proteins that are either secreted from the cell or incorporated into the cell membrane.

When a vesicle merges with the cell membrane and empties its contents outside of the cell, this process is called?

This process is called exocytosis.

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification processes.

What two organelles in a plant cell are capable of self-replication?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

What is the function of the Golgi body?

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

What is the term used for the contents inside of the nuclear membrane?

nucleoplasm.

Describe one function of cilia.

hair-like structures that help in the movement of cells or the movement of substances along the surface of cells.

What is endosymbiotic theory?

suggests that certain organelles, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, originated from free-living bacteria that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.

The cytoplasm is composed of which two components?

cytosol and organelles.

What are plasmodesmata and what function do they serve?

channels between plant cell walls that allow for the transport of materials and communication between cells.

True or false: animal cells have mitochondria but no chloroplasts, and plant cells have chloroplasts but no mitochondria.

True.

What is cytoplasmic streaming?

the movement of the fluid substance (cytosol) within a plant or animal cell, which helps distribute nutrients and organelles.

How many centrioles are in each cell?

Two

What does DNA stand for?

deoxyribonucleic acid.

What is the term for programmed cell death?

apoptosis.