engels unit 5 (un)certainty and RELATIVE CLAUSES AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS

certainty about the present:

• must (near certainty)

• can’t/cannot (impossible)

  • will (probability)

    modal verb + infinitive

certainty of past

• must have

• can’t/cannot have

• couldn’t have

  modal verb + have + past participle

uncertainty present

• could

• may (not) (possibility that is likely to come true)

  • might (not) (possibility that is unlikely to come true)

    modal verb + infinitive

uncertainty past

• could have been

• may (not) have

• might (not) have

  • modal verb + have + past participle

relative pronoun

is a word that introduces a relative clause.
Examples: who, whom, whose, which, that

relative clause

bv.: he book that I bought yesterday is really interesting.

• that I bought yesterday = relative clause (gives more info about "the book")

  • that = relative pronoun

Defining relative clauses:
–

Essential info (can’t be left out)
– No commas

‘that’ can replace who, which, whom

Non-defining relative clauses:
–

Extra info (can be left out)
– With commas

‘that’ cannot be used

e.g. There were a lot of victims, all of whom were prostitutes. ⇨ ‘which’ can replace all the information in the previous part of the sentence e.g. No one saw or heard anything, which was incredible

relative pronouns ( defining )

relative pronouns ( undefining )