The Organelles

The Nucleus is found in

only eukaryotic cells

the nucleus functions as

the cell’s control center by housing the cell’s genome

the nucleus is surrounded by

a double membrane known as the nuclear envelope.

nuclear pores in the nucleus allow

material to pass from the nucleus to the rest of the cell. (allows communication)

no nucleus means there is no

reproduction function

single nucleus examples

human and animal cells like neurons, cardiomyocytes (heart muscle cells), epithelial cells in various organs, and fibroblasts

no nucleus example

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) - in charge of transporting hemoglobin, Fe (iron) and O₂ (oxygen)

multiple nuclei examples

Aseptate fungal hyphae, striated muscle fibers, giant algae and viruses

Centrosomes are found in

only eukaryotic cells

centrosomes are located

in the cytoplasm typically close to the nucleus.

Centrosomes are made up of 

a pair of centrioles which are involved with the assembly of microtubules.

microtubules function to

help chromosome movement during cell division, intracellular transport, provide the cell shape and allow movement of the cell

centrosomes function to

help build and anchor the microtubule network in animal cells

also acts as a basal body that helps grow cilia, which are hairlike structures used for cell signaling and sensing.

Mitochondria are only found in

eukaryotic cells

the outer membrane of mitochondria is made up of

proteins known as porins, which allow movement of ions into and out of the mitochondrion. 

in inner membrane of the mitochondria is folded to form

cristae in order to increase the surface area available for ATP production

the mitochondria functions to

synthesize ATP

Chloroplasts are found only in

eukaryotic cells that come in contact with light

Thylakoids are

flattened membrane sacs which are necessary for the absorption of light which is the first step of photosynthesis

The chloroplast functions to

be a site for photosynthesis

70s ribosomes are found in

Prokaryotic cells

80s ribosomes are found in 

Eukaryotic cells

ribosomes can be

free in the cytoplasm or attached to the RER (in eukaryotic cells)

ribosomes consists of two subunits: a large one and a small one which are

made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and ribosomal proteins

Ribosomes function to

synthesize proteins

the rough endoplasmic reticulum is found in

eukaryotic cells

the rough endoplasmic reticulum is located near

the nucleus

the rough endoplasmic reticulum functions to

synthesize proteins which then become part of membranes, enzymes and messengers between cells.

the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is found in

eukaryotic cells

the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is located near

 the rough endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus 

SER contains ___ on its surface

enzymes

the SER functions to

Synthesize and store lipids (cholesterol and phospholipids) for construction of new cellular membranes.

the golgi apparatus is found in

eukaryotic cells

the golgi apparatus is made up of 

5-8 folds of stacks of flattened, folded membranes called cisternae. 

the golgi apparatus functions to

process proteins in the RER, COLLECTS, PACKAGES, and MODIFIES them to release into vesicles to transport to various parts of the cell or for secretion from the cell.

the cell membrane is found in both

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

the cell membrane is located inside the

cell wall

the cell membrane functions to 

Control materials that move in and out of the cell, plays a role in binary fission and utilize active transport

lysosomes are found in

eukaryotic cells

lysosomes are made by the

golgi apparatus

lysosomes function to

break down large molecules and recycle components that are damaged and old

lysosomes contain

40 different hydrolytic enzymes to break down components of cells.

peroxisomes are found in

eukaryotic cells

peroxisomes function to

metabolize lipids and detoxify chemicals, oxidize reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids, oversee reactions that neutralize free radicals, which cause cellular damage and cell death, and form proteins synthesized on free ribosomes.

The liver is the organ primarily responsible for detoxifying the blood before it travels throughout the body; as a result, liver cells contain large amounts of

peroxisomes

the large central vacuole is found in 

eukaryotic plant cells

the large central vacuole functions to

provide food for nutrition, metabolic waste and toxins (to be expelled from cell), water and salts and pressure from the membrane exerts a force on the cytoplasm, another force on the cell wall. (creates a TURGID “swollen/ hard”  and FIRM cell)