anp exam 3

what part of cell perform respiration

mitochondria

movement of gases into and out of the lungs and exchange of gases between alveoli and capillaries is called what

respiration

how does upper respiratory tract go
and where located

external nares (nostrils) → nasal cavity → nasopharynx → oropharynx and laryngopharynx → larynx
in head and neck

how does lower respiratory tract go
and where is it located

trachea → main bronchi → bronchial tree → bronchioles → alveoli
in thoracic cavity

how many lobes does right lung have? left?

right: 3
left: 2

trachea bifocates into what

left and right primary bronchi

what provides extra surface area in nasal cavity. why do you need this?

nasal conchae
to warm and moisturize air and remove debris

anterior part of nasal cavity lined by stratified squamous epithelial tissue with stiff guard hairs to block debris from entering respiratory tract CALLED WHAT

vestibule

pharynx composed of three things, what are they

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

larynx is cartilaginous box that contains what

vocal cords

dextrocardia

apex of heart leaning more to right

ring like structure

trachea

how many rings does trachea have and what made of

18-20
cartilage

what structure(s) form the roof of the mouth and where?

hard palate (anterior), soft palate (posterior)

what structure in oral cavity directs materials downward into pharynx?

uvula tongue epiglottis idk

what organ in digestive system manipulates what is ingested and provides the sense of taste?

tongue

what salivary gland are located anterior to ears?

parotid

where are the submandibular salivary glands?

Beneath the lower jaw (mandible), on both the left and right sides of the face

what glands are under the tongue?

sublingual

which term refers to process of chewing?

mastication

Which muscles move the jaw in a crushing motion during mastication?

masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid muscles

pH of saliva

6.75 - 7

which salivary enzyme breaks down carbs?

salivary amylase

name structures of digestive system

mouth (oral cavity), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus,
[accessory] teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

structures of respiratory system

[upper] nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, naso oro and laryngopharynx
[lower] larynx (voice box), trachea, main bronchi, secondary and tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli, lungs
[supporting] diaphragm, pleura, intercostal muscles

What medical term refers to swallowing?

deglutition

Which term refers to the wave-like contractions that move a bolus through the esophagus?

peristalsis

Name some forms of mechanical and chemical digestion

[mech] teeth and tongue
[chem] salivary amylase

what is a bolus

round mass of chewed food mixed w saliva

what is chyme

bolus but in stomach mixing w stomach acids

another name for the alimentary canal

GI tract

parts and functions of alimentary canal components

oral cavity: receive food, mastication, mix food w saliva, form bolus

pharynx: direct bolus from mouth into esophagus

esophagus: transport bolus to stomach through peristalsis

stomach: store and churn food; mix food w gastric juices; convert bolus into chyme

small intestine: main site of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

duodenum: first part of small intestine that neutralizes stomach acid

rectum: store feces

anus: controls and eliminates feces

function(s) of oral cavity

receive food, mastication, mix food w saliva, form bolus

function(s) of pharynx

direct bolus from mouth into esophagus

function(s) of esophagus

transport bolus to stomach through peristalsis

function(s) of stomach

store and churn food; mix food w gastric juices; convert bolus into chyme

function(s) of small intestine

main site of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

function(s) of duodenum

first part of small intestine that neutralizes stomach acid

function(s) of rectum

store feces

function(s) of anus

controls and eliminates feces

types of teeth and their function

incisor: cut, hold
canine: tear and pierce food
premolar: crush and grind food
molar: grind and crush (most force)

What do the mucous cells, the parietal cells, and the peptic cells of the stomach produce?

mucous: mucus (protect stomach lining)
parietal: HCl (acid)
peptic: pepsinogen (pepsin break down proteins)

What is pepsinogen and how is it related to pepsin?

production of peptic cells, activated by HCl to form pepsin which break down larger proteins into peptides

functions of the liver and gallbladder.

liver: produce bile, store glycogen, process nutrients
gallbladder: stores and concentrates bile, then releases it into duodenum

what is vestigial organ and give example

organ that lost original function, appendix

What is the major function of the large intestine

absorbs water, compacts material into feces, store feces until defecation

What is the significance of villi in the small intestines?

increase surface area to allow nutrients to be absorbed more efficient

water soluble vitamins

ALL B AND VIT C

name FAT soluble vitamins

vitamins a d e k

difference between micro and macro nutrients

body needs different []’s of each in body
macro means the body needs more of it and micro means it needs less

components of upper respiratory tract

external nares (nostrils), nasal cavity, pharynx (naso oro laryngo), tonsils

structures of lower respiratory tract

larynx (voice box), trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs, pleura, diaphragm, intercostal muscles

sequence in which air travels through the respiratory system
Never Pass Larry’s Tiny Big Brown Awesome Airway

nose → pharynx → larynx → trachea → (primary, secondary, tertiary) bronchi → bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveoli

What are the three bony lateral ridges in the nasal cavity called

conchae (superior, middle, inferior)

another name for the throat

pharynx

another name for voice box

larynx

What structure folds over the glottis during swallowing to prevent solids and liquids from entering the larynx?

epiglottis

Air passes through the parts of the pharynx in what order?

nasopharynx → oropharynx → laryngopharynx → larynx

Which structure serves as a common passageway for food and air?

pharynx

What are the grape-like clusters at the end of each bronchiole in which gas exchange takes place?

alveoli

what is surfactant?

reduces surface tension of water so that alveoli do not collapse

how is surfactant produced?

alveoli have walls of simple squamous and great alveolar cells that produce surfactant

Which disorder occurs in premature infants and is characterized by collapsed alveoli due to a lack of surfactants?

respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

infants born prematurely are susceptible to what condition due to a lack of surfactant?

respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

What happens during inspiration

contraction of intercostal muscles and diaphragm

what happens during expiration

relaxation of intercostal muscles and diaphragm

______________is the anterior part of the nasal cavity lined by stratified squamous epithelial tissue with stiff guard hairs to block debris from entering the respiratory tract

nasal vestibule

name the different parts of pharynx

naso oro laryngo

The ________________is a cartilaginous box that contains the vocal cords

larynx

The ______________ lung has three lobes, and the __________ lung has two lobes

right, left

Which lung contains horizontal fissure?

right

Which fissure is common to both lungs?

oblique

The cardiac notch or cardiac impression is found on which lung?

left

The point at which vessels enter and leave the lung is called?

hilum

Which sphincter controls the opening between the esophagus and stomach?

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

Which sphincter regulates the passage of materials to the duodenum?

pyloric sphincter

name and explain different parts of the stomach.

cardia: where esophagus enter stomach
fundus: upper, dome-shaped portion
body (corpus): central region of stomach where food mixed w gastric juices
pylorus: lower portion of stomach that connect to duodenum

Which structure increases the surface area of the stomach?

rugae

which cells secrete alkaline mucus to protect the stomach wall from acid and digestive enzymes?

mucous cells

Which cells in the stomach produce hydrochloric acid?

parietal cells

What is the function of mucus in the stomach

protect stomach lining from HCl

Which organ has both a digestive function and an endocrine function?

pancreas

Chyme flows through the regions of the small intestine in what order?

duodenum → jejunum → ileum

What are the tiny projections of the duodenal lining called?

villi

What hormone tells the gallbladder to contract and release its bile to the common bile duct?

cholecystokinin (CCK)

What substance emulsifies fats?

bile

How does chyme move through the small intestine?

segmentation (rhythmic contractions), peristalsis (wave like contractions)

Know the parts of the large intestine (colon) in the correct order.

cecum → ascending → transverse → descending → sigmoid → rectum → anus

The digestive system is controlled by what part of the nervous system?

autonomic nervous system

functions of the digestive system.

ingest food and liquids; digestion (breakdown of food into smaller molecules for the body to absorb); production and release of digestive substances; absorption; defecation

effect of aging on the digestive system.

decrease saliva production (make chewing difficult); reduced digestive secretions; slower peristalsis; constipation due to reduced movement and decreased regulation of water

Which diagnostic test uses an instrument to visualize the lower colon and rectum?

colonoscopy

What digestive system disorder is characterized by chronic gastric reflux?

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Which disorder is characterized by inflammation of the gall bladder?

cholecystitis

Which disorder occurs when contents in the abdomen protrude through a weak portion in the abdominal wall?

hernia