Psychology Unit 3 Exam

What are the two types of research designs?

Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional

What is Longitudinal research design?

Using the same participants, at different times

What is cross-sectional research design?

Using different participants and the same time

What are Piagets 4 stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operations, and Formal Opertaions

Which of the 4 stages of cognitive development is from Birth to Two years?

Sensorimotor

Which of the 4 stages of cognitive development is from 2 to 7 years old?

Preoperational

Which of the 4 stages of cognitive development is from 7 to 12 years?

Concrete Operations

Which of the 4 stages of cognitive development is from 12 years on?

Formal Operations (time)

In which of the 4 cognitive developmental stages does the child have the ability to develop an understanding that concepts and mental images represent events, objects, and people?

Sensorimotor

In which of the 4 cognitive developmental stages does the child have the ability to mentally refer to objects, events or people using words or pictures?

Preoperational

In which of the 4 cognitive developmental stages does the child have the ability to conserve, reverse their thinking, and classify objects in terms of charactertics, as well as understand analogies?

Concrete Operations

In which of the 4 cognitive developmental stages does the child have the ability to think logically, fully understand analogies, and use abstract reasoning?

Formal Operations

What is personal fable?

The belief that you are unique and protected from harm

What is Imaginary Audience?

The belied that others are just as concerned about you as you are.

Who developed a theory on moral development?

Lawrence Kholberg

What are the 3 levels of Kholbergs Theory of Moral Development?

Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional

What is the Preconventional level?

Action is deemed right or wrong based on its consequences

What is the conventional level?

Action is deemed right or wrong based on rules of society

What is the postconventional level?

Action is deemed right or wrong based on the experience and judgement of a person

What is motivation that comes from external forces?

Extrinsic Motivation

What is motivation that comes from inside forced?

Intrinsic motivation

What did Abraham Maslow do?

Make a hierarchy of needs

What was Maslow focused on?

Self-Actualization, or fufulling your own potential

What does Level one of Maslows Heirarcy have?

Physiological : Food, Water, Shelter, Warmth

What does level two of Maslows heirarchy have?

Security : Safety, Employment, assets

What does level three of Maslows Heirarchy have?

Social : Family, friendship, intimacy, belonging

What does level four of Maslows heirarchy have?

Esteem : Self-worth, accomplishment, confidence

What is a subjective, affective state that is relatively intense and brief that occurs in response to experience?

Emotion

What is a prolonged, less intense state that does NOT occur in response to experience?

Mood

Which emotional theory says that emotion comes in response to physiological arousal?

James-Lange Theory

Which emotional theory says that physical arousal and emotional experience happen at the same time, but separately?

Cannon-Bard Theory

Which emotional theory says that emotions are composed of two factors : physiological and Cognitive?

Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory

Which emotional theory says that emotions are determined by appraisal of the stimulus?

Lazarus’s Cognitive-Mediational Theory

What influences remembering pleasure?

The peak moment and how you felt at the end of the experience

What has almost no effect on remembering pleasure?

The duration of the experience

List the 6 recommendations for happiness

Be around people, have enough money, practice gratitude, give rather than receive, focus on experiences, and chase moments that inspire awe

What is social psychology?

The scientific study of how people’s behavior, thoughts, and feelings influence and are influenced by social groups

Conformity

Changing one’s behavior or beliefs in response to explicit or implicit pressures from others.

Normative Social Influence

The influence from other people that comes with the desire to not be criticized, disapproved of, or shunned

Informational Social Influence

The influence of other people that results from taking their comments, actions, and opinions as a source for information that is correct, proper, and effective

Social Facilitation

Positive influence of others on performance

Social Impairment

Negative influence of others on performance

Social Loafing

Some people tend to not work as hard if they are working in a group setting where their individual performance is not scored

Compliance

Responding favorably to a request from another person

Door-In-Face-Technique

Asking for something large, then following it up with a small favor

Foot-In-Door-Technique

Asking for something very small so people will say yes, and following that up with the main, large request

Obedience

In an unequal power relationship, submitting to the demands of the person in authority

Milgram Experiment

Experiment by Stanley Milgram, shock experiment

Elaboration Likelihood Method

Whether someone thinks deeply based on messages or other characteristics

Central Route

Advertisement attending to the message itself

Peripheral Route

Advertisement attending to factors not involved in the message

I-O Psychology (what is I-O)

Industrial / Occupational Psychology

What is I-O Psychology? (practice)

The application of psychological principles, theory, and research to the work setting

Personnel Psychology

Part of Human Resources Management

What is the purpose of Personnel Psychology?

Deals with recruitment, selection, training, performance appraisal, promotion, transfer, and termination

Organization Psychology

Combines theory and research from social psychology and organizational behavior

Job Satisfaction

Degree to which an employee is content with their work

Burnout

Extreme state of psychological strain resulting in prolonged job stressors that exceed and individuals resources to cope with them

What are the signs of Burnout?

Emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and diminished personal accomplishment

Psychopathology

The study of abnormal thought, feelings, and behaviors

What is considered abnormal?

Statistically rare, deviant from social norm, causes distress, impairs day to day function, and is a danger to self or others

Current approaches to Psychopathology?

Biological, Psychological, Sociocultural, Biopsychological

What is DSM-5?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5th

How many disorders are described in DSM?

250

Anxiety Disorders

Excessive or unrealistic worry or fearfulness

Phobia

Irrational or persistent fear of a specific thing

Panic Disorders

Frequent, disruptive panic attacks

G

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Feeling of doom or dread and physical stress for at least 6 months

Comorbidy

Multiple diseases or disorders coexisting

OCD

Obsessive Compulsive disorder

Obsession

Intrusive thoughts

Compulsion

Ritualistic and repetitive behaviors to reduce anxiety caused by obsession

Acute Stress Disorder

Symptoms occur immediately after event for one month

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Symptoms associated with ASD but continue on past a month

Mood Disorders

Disturbances in emotion, also known as effective disorders

3 perspectives of Mood Disorders

Behaviorist, cognitive, biological

Major Depressive Disorder

Depressed for most of the day for at least two weeks

Bipolar Disorder

Characterized my periods of mania or hypomania, and usually depression

Schizophrenia

Characterized by delusions or hallucinations

Delusions

False belief

Biomedical Therapy

Using a medical procedure to bring about change

Psychoanalysis

Frued, attempt to reveal the subconscious

Cognitive Behavior Therapy (who)

Aaron Beck

Cognitive Behavior therapy

Action therapy in which the goal is to help the client overcome problems by learning how to think and behave more rationally and logically