ochem lab final post lab ques

Refractive Index

A measure of how much light bends when it enters a material.

Ethanol

A type of alcohol used for cleaning glass surfaces due to its ability to dissolve residues.

Isopropanol

Another type of alcohol recommended for cleaning because it evaporates quickly and doesn't damage the prism.

Acetone

A solvent that can degrade adhesives or coatings, and is not recommended for cleaning refractometer prisms.

Hot Filtration

A process used to filter hot solutions to remove insoluble impurities.

Gravity Filtration

A method for filtering that helps prevent premature cooling of hot solutions.

Solute

The substance that is dissolved in a solvent.

Crystallization

The process in which a solid forms from a solution or a gas.

Recrystallization

A purification technique for soluble solids where they are dissolved in a hot solvent and then allowed to form crystals upon cooling.

Impurities

Unwanted substances mixed with a target compound that can affect its purity.

Boiling Point

The temperature at which a substance turns from liquid to vapor.

SN1 Reaction

A substitution nucleophilic reaction where the rate-determining step involves the formation of a carbocation.

Leaving Group

An atom or group of atoms that can depart with a pair of electrons in a chemical reaction.

Carbocation

A positively charged carbon atom that is an intermediate in many organic reactions.

Phase Diagram

A graphical representation showing the phase of a substance at different temperatures and pressures.

Extraction

A separation technique that involves removing a substance from a mixture.

Aqueous Solution

A solution in which water is the solvent.

Liquid-Liquid Extraction

A technique where two immiscible liquids are used to separate compounds based on their solubilities.

Distribution Coefficient (K)

A ratio that describes how a compound is distributed between two immiscible solvents.

Benzoic Acid

An aromatic carboxylic acid that can be removed from organic solutions using acid-base extraction.

Sodium Benzoate

The sodium salt of benzoic acid formed during extraction with sodium hydroxide.

TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography)

A technique for separating non-volatile mixtures.

Rf value

The ratio of the distance traveled by the compound to the distance traveled by the solvent front.

Dichloromethane

A solvent commonly used in organic extractions.

Decolorizing

The process of removing color from a substance, typically through a chemical reaction.

E1 Mechanism

An elimination reaction mechanism that involves the formation of a carbocation.

Trans-1,2-dibromocyclohexane

The product formed from the addition of bromine to an alkene.

Cation Stability

The preference for a carbocation to exist in a more stable state, influencing reaction rates.

Thermal Stability

The tendency of a substance to remain stable at elevated temperatures.

Carbocation Rearrangement

The process where a carbocation undergoes structural change to form a more stable carbocation.

Hydration

The reaction of a compound with water, often forming a hydrate.

Acid-Base Reaction

A reaction that occurs between an acid and a base, resulting in the formation of water and a salt.

Saturated Hydrocarbon

A hydrocarbon containing only single bonds and maximum hydrogen atoms.

Nucleophile

An electron-rich species that can donate an electron pair to form a chemical bond.

Electrophile

An electron-poor species that can accept an electron pair.

Solvent Polarity

A measure of how polar a solvent is, influencing solubility and reaction rates.