Repaso for el examen final - GRAMÁTICA

Which article is used for feminine words ending in -tud, -umbre, -dad, -tad?

La

Words ending in -ma are usually what gender?

Masculine

What is the gender of days of the week and natural features?

Masculine

Are compound Spanish words masculine or feminine?

Masculine

Reflexive pronouns in Spanish?

me, te, se, nos, os, se

When is ser used over estar?

Ser is used for: Date, Occupation, Characteristics, Time, Origin, Relationships (DOCTOR)

When is estar used over ser?

Estar is used for: Position, Location, Action, Condition, Emotions (PLACE)

How is the imperfect of estar + gerund used?

To express past actions with more emphasis or description

What pronouns are used for direct and indirect objects?

Direct: me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las; Indirect: me, te, le, nos, os, les

What happens when le or les is combined with a direct object pronoun?

Le/les becomes se

When are preterite stem changes used?

Only in 3rd person singular and plural

What happens to verbs ending in -car, -gar, -zar in the preterite?

They change to -qué, -gué, -cé in yo form

How do you use hace que to describe time?

Hace + period of time + que + verb

When do you use saber vs conocer in preterite vs imperfect?

Saber: knew (imp.), found out (pret.); Conocer: knew (imp.), met (pret.)

What is the difference between querer and no querer in preterite vs imperfect?

Querer: wanted (imp.), tried (pret.); No querer: didn't want (imp.), refused (pret.)

What does the subjunctive express?

Wish, Emotion, Doubt, Influence, Negation, God willing (Ojalá que) (WEDING)

When do you always use the subjunctive in adverbial clauses?

When using: en caso de que, sin que, para que, antes de que, a menos que

When do you use indicative vs subjunctive in adjective clauses?

Indicative for known, subjunctive for unknown

What is the passive voice format with ser?

Subject + ser + past participle + por + agent

When do you use se passive voice?

When the subject is inanimate or unspecified

What is the imperfect subjunctive conjugation pattern?

-ra, -ras, -ra, -ramos, -rais, -ran

How do you form the imperfect subjunctive?

3rd person plural preterite stem, drop -ron, add endings

When is the conditional used in si clauses?

Si + imperfect subjunctive → conditional

When is lo que used?

To mean what or which with no antecedent, can start a sentence

When is lo cual used?

Refers to entire clause, comes after comma or preposition, can't start sentence

When is cuyo/cuya used?

To mean whose, agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies

When do you use por vs para?

Por for cause, exchange, duration; Para for destination, purpose, recipient

How do you form the future tense in Spanish?

Infinitive + é, ás, á, emos, éis, án

What are some irregular future tense verbs?

Poner → pondr, salir → saldr, tener → tendr, hacer → har, decir → dir, etc.

What is the difference between formal and informal commands?

Formal: usted/ustedes forms (subjunctive); Informal: tú/vosotros forms

When are pronouns attached to commands?

Affirmative: attached to the end; Negative: placed before the verb

What is the present perfect tense in Spanish?

he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han + past participle

What is the pluscuamperfecto (past perfect)?

había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían + past participle

When is the future perfect used?

To express what will have happened or probability in the past

What is the conditional perfect?

habría, habrías, habría, habríamos, habríais, habrían + past participle

When do you use the personal a?

When the direct object is a person

What verbs require specific prepositions in Spanish?

Tratar de (to try), pensar en (to think about), ocuparse de (to be busy with)

What are reflexive pronouns in Spanish?

Me, te, se, nos, os, se

What question do indirect object pronouns answer?

A quién or para quién (To whom or for whom)

What are the indirect object pronouns?

Me, te, le, nos, os, les

What phrases clarify indirect objects?

A mí, a ti, a él/ella/usted, a nosotros, a vosotros, a ellos/ellas/ustedes

What question do direct object pronouns answer?

Qué or quién (What or whom)

What are the direct object pronouns?

Me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las

What is the order of object pronouns in a sentence?

RID: Reflexive, Indirect, Direct

How many object pronouns can occur in the same sentence?

Only two at the same time

When to use para

Destined person, place, or time

In order to

In order to become

On the verge of

Considering

Purpose

When to use por

Pay for

Pray for

Thank for

For the sake of

In exchange for

Motive

Cause

In place of

Duration

By

Through

For

What does "los cuales/quienes" refer to?

They refer to a previously mentioned plural noun, like "los Gómez" (the Gómez family).

When is "quien/es" often used?

When referring to the nearest antecedent person or people.

When is "la cual" used?

After long or compound prepositions, referring to a feminine singular noun like "la conferencia".

What does "dentro del cual" mean?

It means "inside of which", referring to a masculine noun like "auto".

When is "lo cual" used?

After a comma or a preposition preceded by a comma, referring to an entire clause.

Can "lo cual" start a sentence?

No, "lo cual" may not start a sentence.

What does "lo que" mean?

It means "what" when there is no antecedent and may start a sentence.

When is "lo que" used instead of "lo cual"?

When there's no antecedent or no comma separating the clause.

What does "cuyo/a/s" mean?

It means "whose" and agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies.

What does the relative pronoun "que" refer to?

It refers to both people and things when there are no commas or prepositions.

Can "que" refer to things after a comma?

Yes, in such cases it may mean "which."

When is "que" used after a preposition?

Only with things, e.g., "el bolígrafo con el que escribo."

When is "quien/quienes" used?

It refers to people only, not things or animals.

Can "quien/quienes" start a sentence?

Yes, and it means "he who," "those who," etc.

What does "quien/quienes" mean after a comma?

It still refers to people and is used like "who."

How is "quien/quienes" used with prepositions?

It means "whom", e.g., "la mujer con quien hablé."

What are alternatives to "prep. + quien/quienes"?

You can use "el que, la que, los que, las que" or "el cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales."

"What is the structure for real present conditional sentences in Spanish?"

"Si + presente de indicativo, presente de indicativo. Example: Si hace sol, vamos a la playa."

"What is another structure for real future conditional sentences in Spanish?"

"Si + presente de indicativo, futuro. Example: Si hace sol el sábado, iremos a la playa."

"How do you express habitual actions in the past using 'si' clauses?"

"Si + imperfecto de indicativo, imperfecto. Example: Si hacía sol los sábados, íbamos a la playa."

"How do you express a completed past action with a condition?"

"Si + pretérito, pretérito. Example: Si vinieron tus hermanas al concierto, no las vi allí."

"How do you form hypothetical situations contrary to the present?"

"Si + imperfecto de subjuntivo, condicional. Example: Si no tuviera que hacer tarea, pasaría más tiempo con mis amigas."

"How do you express past unreal (contrary-to-fact) conditions?"

"Si + pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo, condicional perfecto. Example: Si hubiéramos tenido más tiempo, habríamos visitado el museo."

"How is 'como si' used in hypothetical comparisons?"

"'Como si' is always followed by the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive. Example: Me habló como si fuera su madre."

Present perfect

Have, has done

Plusuamperfecto (past perfect)

Had done

Conditional perfect

Would have done

Future perfect

Will have done

Future tense

Will do

Future probability

Probably is

Conditional

Would do

Past probability

Probably was