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Penicillin
The first antibiotic was discovered by Alexander Fleming from a fungus (mold). He named it _________.
Antibiotic
A drug made naturally by one microorganism that kills another microorganism is called an _________.
Molds, Bacteria
Most antibiotics are isolated from these two microbial types:
A drug taken prior to obtaining an infection and prevents one from happening
Prophylaxis refers to:
Synthetic
A drug manufactured in the laboratory is called a _______ drug.
Semisynthetic
An antibiotic (natural drug) modified to make it more useful is called a _______ drug.
Broad
A drug that targets a wide range of microorganisms is a _______ spectrum drug.
Selectively
A desirable quality in a drug is _______ toxicity, meaning the drug kills microorganisms but does not have adverse effects on humans.
Parenteral
The route of administration where a drug is given by injection or IV is known as _______ administration.
Bacteria
The easiest type of pathogen to develop a drug for is:
For bacteria, modes of action include:
Entry, Cell Membranes, Nucleic Acid Synthesis, Protein Synthesis, Metabolic Pathways, Cell Wall Synthesis.
Carbapenem, Penicillin, Cephalosporin.
Drugs that inhibit the cell wall and contain a beta-lactam ring include:
Vancomycin, Bacitracin.
Drugs that inhibit bacterial growth at the cell wall and do not contain a beta-lactam ring include:
Narrow.
Penicillin is a(n) _______ spectrum antibiotic isolated by Alexander Fleming.
Cephalosporin spectrum
The first mode of action for cephalosporin is at the cell wall. It has a _______ spectrum.
Isoniazid
The drug used to treat Mycobacterium infections by preventing the making of mycolic acid is: _______.
Polymyxins
Polymyxins disrupt the membranes of _______ bacteria.
Rifampin
Rifampin blocks the making of _______ in bacteria.
Ciprofloxacin
A drug that interferes with nucleic acid synthesis and is toxic, leading to a black box warning, is: _______.
What are the modes of action for antivirals?
Inhibiting Assembly, Inhibiting Release, Targeting Nucleic Acid Synthesis, Stopping Entry.
What does ART stand for?
Antiretroviral Therapy.
How did drug resistance develop in Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA)?
Horizontal gene transfer of drug resistance from VRE.
What bacteria are included in the ESKAPE acronym?
Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus.
What organs are most affected by antimicrobial toxicity?
Liver, Kidney.
The drug that can interfere with the development of bones, including teeth, is:
Tetracycline.
The most common drug to cause allergic reactions is:
Penicillin.
A secondary infection that results when protective microbes are killed, like in a C-diff infection, is called a:
Superinfection.
The antimicrobial that should be used to prevent a superinfection is:
Narrow Spectrum.
In the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test, a ______ zone of inhibition means the bacteria is susceptible to the drug.
Large.
What does the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) refer to?
The lowest concentration of a drug that inhibits bacterial growth.
The therapeutic index (TI) compares:
The amount of drug that is toxic to humans versus the lowest amount of drug that inhibits bacterial growth.
A high therapeutic index (much greater than 1) is _______ for patients.
Better.
