Philosophy Final

 the attempt to think rationally and critically about life’s ultimate questions with the conviction that there are answers.

Philosophy

a feature or quality of one thing not present in some other thing

Difference

a difference articulated or explicitly displayed

Distinction

the study of being

Ontology

love of wisdom

Philosophy

Study of how we come to know the world.

Epistemology

The state of affairs when a thing performs its function according to its nature and realizes its purpose (telos).

Justice

metaphysical entities that, according to Plato, are eternal, unchanging, invisible, intangible, indivisible, singular, and one.

Goodness

Original, Greek-word title of Plato’s text translated as “Republic.”

Politeia

metaphysical entities that, according to Plato, are eternal, unchanging, invisible, intelligible

forms

Which of the following best explains Plato’s view of why pleasure cannot be equated with the good?

It is of the nature of pleasure that the goodness in and of good pleasures be fleeting.

• Pleasure is like the good but not the good itself.

• Good pleasures constitute a good but no one of them is the good.

• Pleasure can admit of the bad but the good by definition cannot admit of the bad

• All of the above

• Only A and D

D. All of the Above

Which of the following best captures Plato’s view of Beauty Itself?
A. The Form of the Beautiful itself is metaphysical, eternal, universal, intelligible
B. A beautiful thing manifests the form of beauty but the form of beauty cannot be captured by or said to be equated with a beautiful thing.
C. The eye of the beholder may have an opinion about whether something is or is not beautiful or what makes something beautiful or not beautiful, but Beauty Itself cannot be equated or reduced to the eye of the beholder.
D. All of the above.
E. Only A and B

D. All of the Above

 Which of the following best explains why Plato thinks reason should rule the soul?
A. Reason is wise and exercises forethought on behalf of itself
B. Reason will give appetite and emotion their due but neither more nor less than each is due
C. Reason will necessarily attend to the Good and thus promote ethical conduct
D. All of the above

D. All of the above

 For Plato, the common conception of justice turns out to be only the appearance of justice. Which of the following best explains the reasons why he arrived at this claim?
A. One who does a just act maybe acting out of self-interest in order to gain praise or avoid punishment
B. The common conception of justice, as revealed by the story of Gyges, suggests that no one does just acts willingly
C. The common conception of justice as discussed in Republic Book II equates what is legal with what is just.
D. All of the above

E. Only A and B

E. Only A and B

Which of the following is not one of the reason Plato gives for saying that the forms (e.g., Beauty Itself or Justice) are more real than the concrete material things that express and represent them?

A. They’re more enduring than the concrete things in the realm of sensation and belief.

B. They are a necessary condition for the existence of things in the realm of appearances. 

C. The Forms are cultural constructs that influence what we value in the world and how we value it.

D. All of the above

E. Only A and B.

C. The Forms are cultural constructs that influence what we value in the world and how we value it.

According to Plato, the story of the Ring of Gygies demonstrates that people who believe in the common conception of justice do not care about justice itself.

T F

True

Plato’s distinction between the realm of appearances and the realm of Reality commits him to the claim that the everyday world of sense perception and common-sense belief is illusory or mere appearance.

T F 

False

 Which of the following best captures the purpose of distinction according to Sokolowski?

a. To clarify a situation or problem 

b. To articulate the nature (essence) of a thing

c. To do nothing new

c. All of the above

d. Both A and B

D. Both A and B

The just and the legal, according to Plato are synonymous. T F

False

 Which of the following, according to Plato, constitutes a mistaken view of the good life?

a. lovers of wine and lovers boys obsessed with various types of pleasure.

b. lovers of honor/status obsessed with recognition from others.

c.  doing just acts but not doing them justly

d. All of the above

e. Only A and B

D. All of the Above

condition of human interaction in the absence of effective government.

State of nature

the belief that the mind and body are separately existing entities

Dualism

the obliging principle that one should not harm one another in life, health, liberty, or possessions.

Law of nature

 the terms for the distinct kind of freedom Locke identifies in distinction from what he calls license in Hobbes’ philosophy

Liberty

a right to make laws with the death penalty and consequently all lesser penalties—for regulating and preserving property, and to employ the force of the community in enforcing such laws and defending the commonwealth from external attack; all this being only for the public good

Political power

according to Hobbes, the continual success in acquiring what one desires

Felicity

 the intrinsic value of a human being on which no price can be put.

Dignity

 the philosophical position that holds that it is impossible to have any certain knowledge about anything whatsoever, including self, science, and religion.

Skepticism

 the condition of being certain and indubitable according to Descartes.

Absolute Truth

Matter in motion.

Nature

 According to Descartes, we cannot rely on the distinction between reality and imagination because it is a mark of prudence to never trust that which has deceived us even once.

TorF

True

Descartes’ philosophical project consists in attempting to use skepticism against itself in order to provide a foundation of certainty for the new science.

T or F

True

According to Descartes, the thinking self is dubitable because there may exist and evil genius who deceives me that is myself that I am actually thinking about.

T or F

False

Hobbes thinks that human beings in the state of nature enjoy which of the following features?

A. Equality in strength of body

B. Equality of wisdom.

C. Equality of diffidence concerning or distrust of fellow human beings.

D. All of the above.

D. All of the Above

5. For Hobbes there exists a greatest good and that greatest good is avoiding death. True of False

False

Which of the follow best explains Locke’s rejection of the theory of divine right of kings?

A. There is no textual evidence that God gave dominion to Adam’s heirs

B. Even if A were true, God provided no dictate by which we could determine which of Adam’s offspring next would rule

C. Even if B were true, according to Locke, we have lost historical record of lineage.

D. All of the above

E. Only A and B

D. All of the Above

Locke smuggles into his description of equality an inequality based on species and rank. T F

True

Locke distinguishes liberty from license, where license refers to Hobbes’s notion of the unbridled use of freedom independent of natural law.

T F

False

According to Hobbes the state of nature is a state of war.

T F 

True

Which of the following best captures the entailments from Hobbes’ materialism and rejection of the teleological world view?

A. The human being is nothing except matter and motion

B. The human being has no intrinsic worth or dignity

C. The human being in this life cannot enjoy tranquility of mind

D. All of the above

E. Only A and C

D. All of the Above

Existence Precedes Essence

man first exists and only defines himself afterwards by making himself what he wills to be

Human Nature

There is no human nature because there is no God to have a conception of it, thus man is nothing until he makes himself

Man as a Project

Man is a being who possesses subjective life, freely choosing his purpose, and is nothing else but the sum of his actions

The Cogito

I think, therefore I am, it is the point of departure for existentialism, which also reveals the existence of others as a condition ones self

Anguish

The sense of complete and profound responsibility of a man to use his choices to benefit society

Abandonment

man is forlorn, without excuse, and without a prior values or commands to legitimize behavior

Man is Condemned to be Free

A phrase meaning man did not create himself, yet he is entirely at the helm and is therefore responsible for everything he does

Despair

The attitude of acting without hope, meaning one limits reliance solely to that which is within the possibilities of fixing the problem

Moral Choice

Morality is not defined by external rules or feelings but is comparable to the construction of a work of art; one must invent the law for one’s own answers

Existentialist Optimism

Existentialism is considered optimistic because the destiny of man is placed within himself, and it tells him there is no hope except in his action

Existential Humanism

The view that man is transcendent and realizes himself by looking beyond himself toward the goals of the human universe. Man himself is the maker of values

Original State of Property

God gave the world to men in common for industrial and rational reasons, and for the life and comfort of their lives

Man's Primary Property

Every man has a property in his own person, the labor of his body and the work of his hands are properly his own

Acquisition of Property

Property is acquired when a man removes something from the state of Nature by mixing his labor with it

Source of Value

Labor puts the difference of value upon objects

Law of Nature

The principle that forces everyone to preserve himself, and as much as he can, to preserve the rest of mankind (including their life, health, liberty, or possessions)

Political Power

The right to make laws for regulating and preserving property (life, health, liberty, and possessions), all for the public good

Existentialism

The study of the meaning of my existence

Exist

To stand out

Existentialism =

atheism = humanism

Man is nothing until he purposes himself

Not the story but the actions

Telos

Purpose

Sarks Philosophy

Put your money where your mouth is

Freedom

Existential, Physical, Metaphysical, Political

Existence

Choice, Freedom

Essence

Identity, Character