Human Body Orientation, Integumentary, and Musculoskeletal Systems

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64 Terms

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Cell membrane

The outer covering of a cell that regulates entry and exit of substances.

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Cytoplasm

Gel-like material surrounding the nucleus where cell activities occur.

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Nucleus

Central cell structure that directs all cellular activities and houses DNA.

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Chemical level

The body’s simplest level, consisting of atoms and molecules.

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Cellular level

Level composed of cells, the basic units of life.

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Tissue level

Groups of similar cells working together to perform a function.

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Organ level

Different tissues combined to carry out a specific function.

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Organ system level

Organs working together for a common purpose.

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Organismal level

The whole living human being.

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Epithelial tissue

Tissue that covers surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands.

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Squamous epithelium

Flat epithelial cells specialized for diffusion and filtration.

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Cuboidal epithelium

Cube-shaped epithelial cells often involved in secretion or absorption.

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Columnar epithelium

Tall, column-shaped epithelial cells specialized for absorption and secretion.

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Simple epithelium

One layer of epithelial cells.

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Stratified epithelium

Multiple layers of epithelial cells for protection.

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Connective tissue

Tissue that supports, binds, and protects other tissues and organs.

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Loose connective tissue

Areolar, adipose, and reticular tissues that cushion and support structures.

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Dense connective tissue

Tendons and ligaments rich in collagen fibers for strong attachment.

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Cartilage

Firm, flexible connective tissue; includes hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.

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Bone (osseous) tissue

Rigid connective tissue that provides structural support and stores minerals.

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Blood (vascular tissue)

Fluid connective tissue that transports gases, nutrients, and wastes.

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Integumentary system

Skin and derivatives; protects body and regulates temperature.

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Skeletal system

Bones and joints; supports, protects organs, stores minerals.

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Muscular system

Muscles; enables movement, posture, and heat production.

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Nervous system

Brain, spinal cord, nerves; rapid control and communication.

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Endocrine system

Glands that secrete hormones for long-term regulation.

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Cardiovascular system

Heart and blood vessels; transports blood, nutrients, and wastes.

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Lymphatic/Immune system

Lymph nodes, vessels, spleen; defense against infection and fluid balance.

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Respiratory system

Lungs and airways; performs gas exchange of O₂ and CO₂.

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Digestive system

Organs that break down food and absorb nutrients.

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Urinary system

Kidneys, ureters, bladder; removes waste and balances fluids.

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Reproductive system

Organs that produce gametes and offspring.

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Dorsal cavity

Posterior body cavity containing cranial and spinal cavities.

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Cranial cavity

Space within the skull housing the brain.

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Spinal cavity

Canal within the vertebrae containing the spinal cord.

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Ventral cavity

Anterior cavity including thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

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Thoracic cavity

Cavity holding heart and lungs.

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Abdominopelvic cavity

Cavity containing digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs.

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Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

Contains right liver lobe, gallbladder, right kidney, part of pancreas, intestines.

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Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

Houses stomach, spleen, left liver lobe, part of pancreas, left kidney, intestines.

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Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

Contains appendix, right ovary or ureter, intestines.

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Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Contains left ovary or ureter, intestines.

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Right hypochondriac region

Abdominopelvic region with right liver lobe and gallbladder.

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Epigastric region

Upper middle region containing stomach, liver, pancreas.

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Left hypochondriac region

Region with spleen and part of stomach.

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Right lumbar region

Area with ascending colon and right kidney.

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Umbilical region

Central region containing small intestine and transverse colon.

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Left lumbar region

Region with descending colon and left kidney.

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Right iliac (inguinal) region

Lower right region containing appendix and cecum.

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Hypogastric (pubic) region

Lower middle region housing bladder and reproductive organs.

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Left iliac (inguinal) region

Lower left region containing sigmoid colon.

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Superior

Toward the head or upper part of a structure; above.

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Inferior

Away from the head; below.

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Anterior (ventral)

Toward the front of the body.

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Posterior (dorsal)

Toward the back of the body.

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Medial

Toward the midline of the body.

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Lateral

Away from the midline of the body.

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Proximal

Closer to the origin of a limb or trunk attachment.

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Distal

Farther from the point of limb attachment.

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Superficial

Nearer the body surface.

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Deep

Farther from the body surface.

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Sagittal plane

Vertical plane dividing body into right and left parts.

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Midsagittal plane

Plane that divides body into equal right and left halves.

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Frontal