[1] BP2 Neoplasia.pdf

Well differentiated; structure often typical of tissue of origin

What are the characteristics of differentiation and anaplasia for benign tumors?

Some lack of differentiation (anaplasia); structure often deranged

What are the characteristics of differentiation and anaplasia for malignant tumors?

Usually progressive and slow; may come to a standstill or regress; mitotic figures rare and normal

What is the characteristic rate of growth for benign tumors?

Erratic, may be slow to rapid; mitotic figures may be numerous and abnormal

What is the characteristic rate of growth for malignant tumors?

Usually cohesive, expansile, well-demarcated masses that do not invade or infiltrate surrounding normal tissues

What are the characteristics of local invasion for benign tumors?

Locally invasive, infiltrating surrounding tissue; sometimes may be misleadingly cohesive and expansile

What are the characteristics of local invasion for malignant tumors?

Absent

What is the characteristic of metastasis for benign tumors?

Frequent; more likely with large undifferentiated primary tumors

What is the characteristic of metastasis for malignant tumors?

Fibroma

What is the benign tumor arising from fibrous connective tissue?

Fibrosarcoma

What is the malignant tumor arising from fibrous connective tissue?

Lipoma

What is the benign tumor arising from fat tissue?

Liposarcoma

What is the malignant tumor arising from fat tissue?

Chondroma

What is the benign tumor arising from cartilage?

Chondrosarcoma

What is the malignant tumor arising from cartilage?

Osteoma

What is the benign tumor arising from bone?

Osteogenic sarcoma

What is the malignant tumor arising from bone?

Hemangioma

What is the benign tumor arising from blood vessels?

Angiosarcoma

What is the malignant tumor arising from blood vessels?

Lymphangioma

What is the benign tumor arising from lymph vessels?

Lymphangiosarcoma

What is the malignant tumor arising from lymph vessels?

Mesothelioma

What is the malignant tumor arising from mesothelium?

Meningioma

What is the benign tumor arising from brain coverings?

Invasive meningioma

What is the malignant tumor arising from brain coverings?

Leukemias

What are the malignant tumors arising from hematopoietic cells?

Lymphomas

What are the malignant tumors arising from lymphoid tissue?

Leiomyoma

What is the benign tumor arising from smooth muscle?

Leiomyosarcoma

What is the malignant tumor arising from smooth muscle?

Rhabdomyoma

What is the benign tumor arising from striated muscle?

Rhabdomyosarcoma

What is the malignant tumor arising from striated muscle?

Squamous cell papilloma

What is the benign tumor arising from stratified squamous epithelium?

Squamous cell carcinoma

What is the malignant tumor arising from stratified squamous epithelium?

Nevus

What is the benign tumor arising from melanocytes?

Melanoma

What is the malignant tumor arising from melanocytes?

Adenoma

What is the benign tumor arising from epithelial lining of glands or ducts?

Adenocarcinoma

What is the malignant tumor arising from epithelial lining of glands or ducts?

Papilloma

What is the benign tumor arising from epithelial lining of glands or ducts?

Papillary carcinomas

What are the malignant tumors arising from epithelial lining of glands or ducts?

Cystadenoma

What is the benign tumor arising from epithelial lining of glands or ducts?

Cystadenocarcinoma

What is the malignant tumor arising from epithelial lining of glands or ducts?

Bronchial adenoma

What is the benign tumor arising from lung bronchi?

Bronchogenic carcinoma

What is the malignant tumor arising from lung bronchi?

Renal tubular adenoma

What is the benign tumor arising from kidney renal epithelium?

Renal cell carcinoma

What is the malignant tumor arising from kidney renal epithelium?

Hepatocellular adenoma

What is the benign tumor arising from liver cells?

Hepatocellular carcinoma

What is the malignant tumor arising from liver cells?

Transitional cell papilloma

What is the benign tumor arising from urinary tract transitional epithelium?

Transitional cell carcinoma

What is the malignant tumor arising from urinary tract transitional epithelium?

Serous cystadenoma

What is the benign tumor arising from ovary surface epithelium (Serous)?

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

What is the malignant tumor arising from ovary surface epithelium (Serous)?

Pleomorphic adenoma (mixed tumor of salivary gland origin)

What is the benign mixed tumor arising from salivary glands?

Malignant mixed tumor of salivary gland origin

What is the malignant mixed tumor arising from salivary glands?

Wilms tumor

What is the tumor arising from renal anlage (totipotential cells)?

Mature teratoma, dermoid cyst

What is the benign teratogenous tumor arising from totipotential cells in gonads or embryonic rests?

Immature teratoma, teratocarcinoma

What are the malignant teratogenous tumors arising from totipotential cells in gonads or embryonic rests?

Carcinoma in situ

What is the tumor of epithelial origin in which the epithelial layer is entirely replaced by atypical cells, but the basement membrane is intact?

Breast

What site accounts for the highest estimated cancer incidence in women?

Prostate

What site accounts for the highest estimated cancer incidence in men?

Lung, bronchus

What site accounts for the highest estimated cancer deaths in both men and women?

Asbestosis, silicosis

What chronic inflammatory state is associated with Mesothelioma and lung carcinoma?

Asbestos fibers, silica particles

What etiologic agents are associated with Asbestosis and silicosis?

Inflammatory bowel disease

What chronic inflammatory state is associated with Colorectal carcinoma?

Chronic cholecystitis

What chronic inflammatory state is associated with Gallbladder cancer?

Bile acids, bacteria, gallbladder stones

What etiologic agents are associated with chronic cholecystitis leading to gallbladder cancer?

Reflux esophagitis, Barrett esophagus

What chronic inflammatory state is associated with Esophageal carcinoma?

Gastric acid

What etiologic agent is associated with Reflux esophagitis, Barrett esophagus leading to esophageal carcinoma?

Sjögren syndrome, Hashimoto thyroiditis

What chronic inflammatory states are associated with MALT lymphoma?

Opisthorchis (liver flukes)

What infectious agents are associated with Cholangiocarcinoma and colon carcinoma via chronic cholangitis?

Gastritis/ulcers

What chronic inflammatory state is associated with Gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma?

Helicobacter pylori

What etiologic agent is associated with Gastritis/ulcers leading to gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma?

Hepatitis

What chronic inflammatory state is associated with Hepatocellular carcinoma?

Hepatitis B and/or C virus

What etiologic agents are associated with chronic Hepatitis leading to hepatocellular carcinoma?

Osteomyelitis

What chronic inflammatory state is associated with Carcinoma in draining sinuses?

Bacterial infection

What etiologic agent is associated with Osteomyelitis leading to carcinoma in draining sinuses?

Chronic cervicitis

What chronic inflammatory state is associated with Cervical carcinoma?

Human papillomavirus

What etiologic agent is associated with Chronic cervicitis leading to cervical carcinoma?

Chronic cystitis

What chronic inflammatory state is associated with Bladder carcinoma?

Schistosomiasis

What etiologic agent is associated with Chronic cystitis leading to bladder carcinoma?

Arsenic and arsenic compounds

What agent is associated with Lung carcinoma and Skin carcinoma?

Asbestos

What agent is associated with Lung, esophageal, gastric, and colon carcinoma, and Mesothelioma?

Benzene

What agent is associated with Acute myeloid leukemia?

Beryllium and beryllium compounds

What agent is associated with Lung carcinoma?

Cadmium and cadmium compounds

What agent is associated with Prostate carcinoma?

Chromium compounds

What agent is associated with Lung carcinoma?

Nickel compounds

What agent is associated with Lung and oropharyngeal carcinoma?

Radon and its decay products

What agent is associated with Lung carcinoma, resulting from decay of uranium minerals?

Vinyl chloride

What agent is associated with Hepatic angiosarcoma?

$\alpha$-Fetoprotein

What oncofetal antigen is associated with Liver cell cancer and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of testis?

Carcinoembryonic antigen

What oncofetal antigen is associated with Carcinomas of the colon, pancreas, lung, stomach, and heart?

Human chorionic gonadotropin

What tumor marker is associated with Trophoblastic tumors and nonseminomatous testicular tumors?

Calcitonin

What tumor marker is associated with Medullary carcinoma of thyroid?

Catecholamine and metabolites

What tumor markers are associated with Pheochromocytoma and related tumors?

Immunoglobulins

What lineage-specific proteins are associated with Multiple myeloma and other gammopathies?

Prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific membrane antigen

What lineage-specific proteins are associated with Prostate cancer?

CA-125

What mucin/glycoprotein is associated with Ovarian cancer?

CA-19-9

What mucin/glycoprotein is associated with Colon cancer and pancreatic cancer?

CA-15-3

What mucin/glycoprotein is associated with Breast cancer?

EGFR mutants in serum

What cell-free DNA marker is associated with Lung cancer?

TP53, APC, RAS mutants in stool and serum

What cell-free DNA markers are associated with Colon cancer?

TP53, RAS mutants in sputum and serum

What cell-free DNA markers are associated with Lung cancer?

TP53 mutants in urine

What cell-free DNA marker is associated with Bladder cancer?