AP World Packet #13 - Responses to Imperialism & Migrations

Monocultures (Latin America; Africa; Southeast Asia)

The cultivation of a single crop in a given area. This practice became common in colonized regions, often leading to environmental damage and economic vulnerability.

Cassava (West; East; and Central Africa; South and Southeast Asia)

A starchy root crop native to South America that diffused globally and became a major staple crop in parts of Africa and Asia, contributing to population growth.

Tupac Amaru II (Latin America)

Leader of a major Indigenous uprising in Peru (1780) against Spanish colonial rule in the Andes.

Samory Toure (West Africa)

West African military leader of the Wassaoulou Empire who resisted French colonial expansion in West Africa in the late 1800s, until his capture in 1898.

Yaa Asantewaa War (West Africa)

The final major war (1900-1901) of the Ashanti Empire against British rule, led by Yaa Asantewaa, the Queen Mother of Ejisu.

Sepoy Rebellion (South Asia)

An 1857 uprising of Indian soldiers against the British East India Company, sparked by cultural and political tensions. Led to the end of the Company's rule and the beginning of the British Raj.

Indian National Congress (South Asia)

A political organization founded in 1885 by educated Indians to advocate for a greater role in life under British rule. Later became a leading force in the Indian Independence movement.

Sokoto Caliphate (West Africa)

A large Islamic empire formed in 1804 in West Africa by Usman dan Fodio. It became one of the largest and most powerful empires in Africa before being absorbed by British colonial rule.

Usman dan Fodio (West Africa)

A Fulani Islamic scholar who led the jihad movements that founded the Sokoto Caliphate in West Africa in the 19th century.

Cherokee Nation (North America)

A native American tribe that originally inhabited the southeastern United States. They were forcibly removed from their ancestral lands.

Trail of Tears (North America)

Forced relocation of the Cherokee Nation and many other Native American tribes to reservations west of the Mississippi River(1830s), resulting in thousands of deaths.

Jim Crow Laws (North America)

State and local laws enacted in the Southern U.S. that enforced racial segregation laws and disenfranchised African Americans following Reconstruction.

Zulu Kingdom (Southern Africa)

A powerful African kingdom that fought against the British in the late 19th century and was known for centralized rule and strong military organization.

Anglo-Zulu War (Southern Africa)

An 1879 conflict between Britain and the Zulu Kingdom in Southern Africa, ending in British victory and the end of the independent Zulu nation.

Ghost Dance (North America)

A spiritual and political movement among Native American tribes that involved ritual dances and songs, meant to promise the restoration of Native American way of life and to drive away white settlers.

Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement (Southern Africa)

A prophetic movement (1856-1857) among Xhosa people in Southern Africa, where the Xhosa killed their cattle, believing it would cause their ancestors to drive out British settlers; instead resulted in famine and the death of thousands of Xhosa.

Pan-Africanism (Africa/Global)

An ideological movement promoting the unity and independence of all African peoples worldwide, both in Africa and the diaspora, against imperialism.

Mahdist Wars (North Africa)

Series of conflicts between the Mahdist Sudanses, led by Muhammad Ahmad, and the Egyptian and British forces in Sudan; lasting from 1881 to 1899.

Maori (Oceania)

The Indigenous people of New Zealand, who resisted British colonization throughout the 19th century, notably in the New Zealand Wars.

Maji Maji Rebellion (East Africa)

An uprising of several African tribes in German East Africa against German colonial rule from 1905-1907. Rebels believed that magic water (maji) would protect them from German bullets, but the rebellion was brutally suppressed.

Empress Cixi (East Asia)

The Empress Dowager of China who effectively controlled the Qing government for nearly 50 years. She was initially resistant to foreign influence, but oversaw moderate reforms.

100 Days Reform (East Asia)

A failed 1898 reform movement led by Emperor Guangxu, attempting to modernize China's government, economy, and military, but was suppressed by conservatives like Empress Cixi.

Taiping Rebellion (East Asia)

A massive civil war in Southern China led by Hong Xiuquan. Became one of the deadliest conflicts in history, weakening the Qing dynasty.

Hong Xiuquan (East Asia)

Leader of the Taiping Rebellion who claimed to be the brother of Jesus and aimed to overthrow the Qing dynasty.

Boxer Rebellion (East Asia)

A violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising (1899-1901) in China, which aimed to expel foreign imperialists and targeted Western influence and missionaries. Defeated by an alliance of foreign powers.

Tongzhi Restoration (East Asia)

A series of moderate reforms undertaken in the Qing dynasty following the Taiping Rebellion, aiming to strengthen China by adopting Western technology while maintaining traditional culture.

Aboriginal (Oceania)

Indigenous peoples of Australia who were colonized by the British beginning in the late 18th century, leading to conflict and marginalization.

Push factors (Global)

Reasons or forces (famine, poverty, war) that drive people to leave their homeland.

Pull factors (Global)

Reasons or attractions (jobs, safety, land) that draw people to a new location.

Immigrate (Global)

To move into a country to live permanently.

Emigrate (Global)

To leave one's own country to settle in another.

Migrate (Global)

To move from one area or country to another, temporarily or permanently, in order to find work or better living conditions.

Ethnic enclaves (Global)

Geographic areas within a city or region where a particular ethnic group is concentrated, often preserving their culture, language, and traditions.

Indentured servitude (Europe; North and Latin America)

A labor system where workers sign contracts to work for an employer for a fixed number of years in exchange for passage to the New World. Primary source of labor after end of slavery.

Chinatowns (Global - Americas; Oceania; Southeast Asia)

Specific example of ethnic enclaves formed by Chinese immigrants seeking community and protection from discrimination.

Diaspora (Global)

The dispersion of a people from their homeland to many different regions. Often associated with forced migration or persecution.

Penal Colony (Oceania)

A settlement established for the purpose of exiling prisoners and providing forced labor. Britain used Australia this way in the 1700s-1800s.

Irish Potato Famine (Europe)

Catastrophic crop failure and disease in Ireland (1845-1849) caused by a potato disease that resulted in mass starvation, death, and the emigration of millions of Irish people to the U.S. and Great Britain.

Chinese Exclusion Act (North America)

An 1882 U.S. federal law banning the immigration of all Chinese laborers. It was the first major race-based immigration restriction law in the United States.

White Australia Policy (Oceania)

A policy of the Australian government in the early 20th century, restricting non-European immigration to maintain a "white" society.

Homesteading (North America)

A U.S. government program that encouraged westward migration by offering settlers free or cheap land if they lived on it and cultivated it for 5 years.