abnormal psychology

What is the Different type of Personality disorders?

Cluster A- paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal.

Cluster B- antisocial, narcissistic, borderline, histrionic.

Cluster C- avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive. A way to remember it is Worries, Wild, and Weird

What is normal anxiety versus abnormal anxiety?

Normal anxiety is an expected response to stress or danger, abnormal anxiety causes distress and affects function.

What would be classified as a major depressive single episode?

A major depressive single episode is when a person has an episode of depression which meets diagnostic criteria, but it doesn’t occur again.

What does a manic mood mean?

In a manic, or ‘high’, state, patients have very high energy, racing thoughts and speech, little or no need for sleep, grandiose thinking, hypersexuality, rage, and in some cases, psychotic symptoms. They can also experience a lesser form of mania, called hypomania, which also involves high energy, greater productiveness, and racing thoughts, but to a lesser degree and without the grandiose thinking or psychosis.

What does a depressive mood mean?

A depressive mood is one in which the patient has low energy and feels sad and/or hopeless

What does intellectual disability mean?

An intellectual ability, as defined by the DSM-5, is characterized by below-average intelligence or mental ability and a lack of adaptive (life) skills, present before the age of 18.

What does it mean when a person shows no emotion?

They may have a schizoid personality disorder.

What is double depression?

Double depression refers to the co-existence of major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder.

What is Dysthymia?

Dysthymia refers to persistent mild depression.

What is a diathesis stress model?

is a psychological theory that attempts to explain a disorder, or its trajectory, as a result ofinteraction between predispositional vulnerability and stress caused by life experience.

What are the effects Alzheimer’s has on the brain?

Alzheimer’s disease causes tangles and plaques in the brain, which destroy neurons and their connections, initially in parts of the brain involved in memory such as the hippocampus, and later in the cerebral cortex (language/reasoning), ultimately resulting in death.

What is Cyclothymic disorder?

Cyclothymic disorder is a mood disorder that causes emotional highs and lows, which aren’t as extreme as those in people with bipolar disorder. Patients can typically function, albeit with difficulty.

How is ADHD seen in children?

characterized by inattentiveness, distractibility, impulsivity, sometimes hyperactivity, and poor executive function

How is autism seen in children?

characterized by poor social comprehension, impaired use of nonverbal communication, stereotypical interests, rigid behavior patterns, and sensory issues

How is disruptive behaviors seen in children?

are characterized by temper tantrums, physical aggression, argumentativeness, stealing, defiance, resistance to authority. Includes two similar disorders, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder

How is conduct disorder seen in children?

Conduct disorder refers to an adolescent who has demonstrated a pattern of violating the rights of others, such as intimidation or aggression towards people or animals, stealing, or deliberately destroying property

What is the five factor model?

posits that all people have varying amounts of five basic personality traits, which are: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

How would someone define Schizoid?

doesn’t show emotion and has little or no interest in relationships

How would someone define Schizotypal?

similar to schizophrenia, but without hallucinations and delusions. Seems odd, bizarre behavior and thoughts

How would someone define Antisocial?

associated with criminality, violates rights of others, manipulative, feels no remorse, blames others, impulsive, irresponsible, especially financially

How would someone define Paranoid?

believes without cause that others are out to get them

What are some side effects of antipsychotic medications?

tardive dyskinesia, a movement disorder characterized by jerking and tremors. Other side effects can include weight-gain, drowsiness, and gastrointestinal distress. Note: the effects of psychosis are greater than the side effects of the medications.

What does Multiaxial mean?

diagnoses were discontinued in the DSM-5. In past editions of the DSM, patients were diagnosed on five different domains, or axes. They were thought to give more detail but were often inaccurate and confusing.

What does Dimensional mean?

a combined categorical-dimensional approach to diagnosing disorders is incorporated, based on the degrees to which individuals show elevated levels of specific characteristics/symptoms.

What does Biopsychosocial mean?

refers to the psychological, biological, and social factors that can be contributing to a person’s problem(s).

What does spectrum mean?

is the decision to have a single diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, folding in the milder Asperger’s syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder- not otherwise specified

What are mood disorders?

bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder (hypomanic), cyclothymic disorder, major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia), and premenstrual dysphoric disorder, which is characterized by extreme mood shifts including sadness, hopelessness, irritability, or anger, to a degree that can disrupt work or damage relationships.

What is PTSD?

post traumatic stress disorder, characterized by nightmares, unwanted memories or flashbacks, avoidance of situations that trigger memories, heightened reactions/hypervigilance, anxiety, depression.

What is GAD?

generalized anxiety disorder, characterized by a perpetual state of worry, apprehension, inability to relax, and physical symptoms such as muscle tension, sweating, and headaches.

What is Depersonalization disorder?

the persistent feeling of observing oneself from outside one’s body or having a sense that one’s surroundings aren’t real, to the point where the feelings cause distress and affect function

What is panic disorder?

characterized by spontaneous panic attacks, preoccupation with fear of another attack, and significant maladaptive behavior related to the attacks

What is Trephination?

a surgical intervention where a hole is drilled into the skull and a piece of bone is removed, used to treat intracranial diseases, epileptic seizures, migraines, and mental disorders by relieving pressure

What is Sociocultural Model?

looks for the influence of society and culture on a person’s mental health

What is Biopsychological Model?

this model acknowledges that many different factors probably contribute to the development of abnormal behaviors and that different factors may be important for different people. The diathesis stress model is an important part of the biopsychosocial model

What is Biological Model?

this model assumes that abnormal behavior results from biological processes of the body, particularly the brain.

What is Psychological model?

emphasize how environmental factors such as family and cultural factors may influence the development and maintenance of abnormal behavior

What are the different types of hillucinations?

there are five types of hallucinations. They include auditory, visual, olfactory (smells), tactile, and gustatory (taste).

What’s the difference between bipolar 1 and bipolar 11?

Bipolar I- periods of severe mood episodes ranging from mania to depression. Bipolar II- a milder form of mood elevation, involving milder episodes of hypomania that alternate with periods of severe depression.

What is a humanistic approach when referring to psychologists?

based on phenomenology, this approach posits that one’s subjective perception of the world is more important than the actual world, and that people are basically good and motivated to self-actualize. Abnormal behaviors occur when there is a failure in the process odself-actualization, usually as a result of people’s failure to recognize their weaknesses and establish processes and strategies to fulfil their potential for positive growth.

What is Behavioral approach when referring to psychologists?

considers all behavior, normal or abnormal, to be learned as a result of experiences or interactions with the environment.

What is the Psychodynamic approach when referring to psychologists?

emphasizes systematic study of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior, feelings, emotions, and how they might relate to early experience.

What is a Cognitive approach when referring not psychologists?

proposes that abnormal behavior is a result of distorted cognitive processes, as opposed to internal forces or external events

What is an Evolutionary approach when referring to psychologists?

a theoretical approach to psychology that attempts to explain useful mental and psychological traits, such as memory, perception, and language, as the functional products of natural selection.

What is a Person-centered approach when referring to psychologists?

a form of psychotherapy developed by psychologist Carl Rogers, which encourages patients to use their own understanding of their experiences as a platform for healing.

What is the Socio-cultural approach when referring to psychologists?

propose that abnormal behaviors must be understood within the context of social and cultural forces, such as gender roles, social class, and interpersonal resources