IST Midterm Review

Computing Device

a machine that can run a program, including computers, tablets, servers, routers, and smart sensors

Computing System

a group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose

Computing Network

a group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data.

Internet Protocol (IP)

a protocol for sending data across the Internet that assigns unique numbers (IP addresses) to each connected device

Fault Tolerant

Can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures. This is important because elements of complex systems like a computer network fail at unexpected times, often in groups.

Packets

A single message can be made up of many 'packets' which you can add with the 'Add Packet' button.

Packet Length

Packets can only be 80 bits long.

Packet Metadata

16 bits are already used for packet metadata, data added to help route the messages.

Free Data in Packets

You only have 64 bits, or 8 ASCII characters free for each of your messages.

Traffic Reading Steps

Step 1: Open the Log Browser. Step 2: Filter to your traffic on all routers. Step 3: Read the traffic and answer the questions in your activity guide.

Packet Delivery

Packets can take different paths or be dropped, just like messages in the previous lesson.

Message Order

As a result, messages may arrive out of order or incomplete.

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Send all the packets but don't check if they all get through or arrive in the right order.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Number packets so they can be re-ordered, confirm all were received, resend any missing packets. Multiple back and forth confirmations between sender and receiver.

UDP Use Case

Useful when split seconds matter more than correcting errors, like video-conferencing, live streaming, online gaming.

TCP Use Case

Useful when accuracy matters more than saving a split second, like sending emails, photos, or just browsing websites.

Speed

Situations where doing something quickly was most important.

Accuracy

Experiences where being correct and precise was most important.

Speed AND Accuracy

Situations when both speed and accuracy are needed.

Datastream

Information passed through the internet in packets.

Packet

A chunk of data sent over a network. Larger messages are divided into packets that may arrive at the destination in order, out-of-order, or not at all.

GET request

A request sent to the DNS to obtain the IP address of a user.

Net Neutrality

The principle that Internet service providers must treat all data on the Internet the same, and not discriminate or charge differently by user, content, website, platform, application, or method of communication.

Internet Censorship

The control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the Internet.

The Digital Divide

The gap between those who have easy access to computers and the Internet, and those who do not.

TLS

Transport Layer Security, a cryptographic protocol designed to provide communications security over a computer network.

HTTPS

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure, an extension of HTTP that uses SSL/TLS to provide a secure connection.

Certificate Authorities

Entities that issue digital certificates to verify the ownership of a public key.

Streaming App

An application that allows users to listen to audio or watch video content in real-time over the Internet.

Messaging App

An application that enables users to send and receive messages in real-time.

Email Client

A software application used to access and manage a user's email.

News Website

A website that provides news articles and updates.

Internet Radio

A digital audio service transmitted via the Internet.

Real-time Application

An application that processes data as it comes in, typically without delay.

Lower Latency

A reduced delay in data transmission.

Internet Fundamentals

Structure and function of the Internet.

Routing

Protocols and addressing systems.

Digital Citizenship

Digital footprints and their impact.

Netiquette

Online behavior ethics.

Binary Numbers

Basics of binary numbers and their conversions.

Data Compression

Understanding data compression types and uses.

Internet Tools

Tools for web browsing and their uses.

Internet Standards

Key internet communication standards.

IT Careers

Essential skills for IT roles.

Emerging Technologies

Basics of artificial intelligence (AI) applications.

Chatbots

Teachable Machines.

Domain Name System (DNS)

Functions and organization of the Domain Name System.

Bot/Robot

Automated programs designed to perform specific tasks.

Predictive Text

Technology that predicts and suggests text while typing.

Cybersecurity

Measures and practices to protect systems and networks from cyber threats.

Graphic User Interface (GUI)

Visual way users interact with computers using graphical icons.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Machines simulating human intelligence, like decision-making and learning.

Encryption

Process of converting data into a code to prevent unauthorized access.

Decryption

Converting encrypted data back into its original form.

SPAM

Unsolicited bulk emails, typically advertisements.

HTML

Coding language used to structure and display content on the web.

Digital Footprint

Collected information about a person across the internet.

Lossless Compression

Data compression that preserves all original data.

Lossy Compression

Data compression that removes some data to reduce file size.

Machine Learning

Field of AI where computers learn from data inputs to make predictions.

Data Packet

Small units of data transmitted over a network.

Compression

Reducing the size of a file or data for easier transmission or storage.

IPv4 and IPv6

Internet Protocol versions that provide unique addresses for devices.

Digital Divide

Gap between those with access to technology and those without.

Phishing

Fraudulent attempts to obtain sensitive information by pretending to be a trustworthy entity.

Algorithm

A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or performing a task.

Firewall

A security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic.

Artificial Neural Network

A computing system inspired by the human brain, used in machine learning.

Big Data

Large and complex datasets that require advanced tools to analyze and interpret.

Cloud Computing

Using remote servers hosted on the internet to store, manage, and process data.

Cookies

Small data files stored on a user's computer by websites to remember preferences or track behavior.

Latency

Delay before data transfer begins following a request.

Modem

A device that connects a network to the internet.

Operating System

Software that manages hardware and software resources on a computer (e.g., Windows, macOS).

Peer-to-Peer Network (P2P)

A decentralized network where devices communicate directly without a central server.

Spam Filter

Software designed to detect and block unsolicited emails.

Teachable Machine

A machine learning model that can be trained to recognize patterns, objects, or actions.

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

Technology that creates a secure connection over the internet.

Pixel

The smallest unit of a digital image or display.

Cache

Temporary storage that speeds up access to frequently used data.

Hashing

Converting data into a fixed-length code, often used for data integrity checks.

Code Editor

A tool used to write and edit programming code.

Unicode

A standard encoding for representing text in computers, supporting most written languages.

Cloud Storage

Online space to save and access files from any device with an internet connection.

Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)

An extra layer of security requiring two forms of identification to access an account.

Binary

A number system that uses only two digits: 0 and 1.

Base of Binary

Binary is a base-2 system (two possible values for each digit).

Uses of Binary

Computers use binary to represent and process all types of data (e.g., text, images, sound).

Example of Binary

The binary number 1010 represents the decimal number 10.

Decimal

A number system that uses ten digits: 0 through 9.

Base of Decimal

Decimal is a base-10 system (ten possible values for each digit).

Uses of Decimal

It is the standard system for representing numbers in everyday life.

Example of Decimal

The decimal number 25 is written as 11001 in binary.

Binary to Decimal Conversion Method

Convert binary numbers to decimal by multiplying each binary digit (bit) by 2 raised to the power of its position, counting from right to left (starting at 0).

Steps for Binary to Decimal Conversion

1. Write the binary number. 2. Assign powers of 2 to each bit (starting from 0 on the right). 3. Multiply each bit by its corresponding power of 2. 4. Add up all the results to get the decimal number.

Example of Binary to Decimal Conversion

Binary: 1011

Bit

The smallest unit of data in computing, can be either 0 or 1.

Byte

A group of 8 bits. One byte can represent 256 different values (from 0 to 255).

Example of Byte

The number 10101100 in binary is one byte.

RGB (Red, Green, Blue)

A color model used to represent and display images in electronic systems.