Human Diseases Caused by Viruses and Prions

In influenza virus, antigenic shift_________.

A) results from reassortment of genomes when two different strains of flu viruses infect the same cell

B) results from the accumulation of mutations in HA and NA in a single strain of flu virus

C) can result in major epidemics or pandemics

D) results from reassortment of genomes when two different strains of flu viruses infect the same cell and can result in major epidemics or pandemics

D. results from reassortment of genomes when two different strains of flu viruses infect the same cell and can result in major epidemics or pandemics

The rash associated with German measles is most likely caused by_________.

A) the virus infecting the cells of the skin

B) the virus infecting the cells of the dermal layer beneath the skin

C) an immunological reaction to the virus

D) All of the choices are correct.

C) an immunological reaction to the virus

Chickenpox is caused by the_________ virus.

A) rubella

B) rubeola

C) coxsackievirus B

D) varicella

D) varicella

The reactivated form of chickenpox is called _________.

A) rubella

B) adenovirus

C) herpes zoster

D) rubeola

C) herpes zoster

German measles is caused by the_________ virus.

A) rubella

B) herpes-zoster

C) reovirus

D) coxsackievirus A

A) rubella

Women of childbearing age should be vaccinated against _________.

A) chickenpox

B) German measles

C) shingles

D) influenza A

B) German measles

Congenital rubella syndrome usually occurs in the time frame of the_________.

A) first trimester of pregnancy

B) second trimester of pregnancy

C) third trimester of pregnancy

D) entire pregnancy

A) first trimester of pregnancy

Antigenic variation occurs almost yearly with the influenza_________ virus.

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

A) A

Which of the following drugs has been shown to reduce the duration and symptoms of influenza?

A) Penicillin

B) AZT

C) Oseltamivir

D) Acyclovir

C) Oseltamivir

Mumps is caused by a(n) _________.

A) morbillis virus

B) paramyxovirus

C) adenovirus

D) synctial virus

B) paramyxovirus

Acute respiratory viruses cause _________.

A) rhinitis

B) tonsillitis

C) bronchitis

D) All of the choices are correct.

D) All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following did not play a role in the eradication of smallpox?

A) Ease of diagnosis by readily recognized clinical features

B) No known reservoir outside of human hosts

C) A short period of infectivity

D) The availability of effective antiviral agents that block replication

E) All of these characteristics played a role in the eradication of smallpox

D) The availability of effective antiviral agents that block replication

Koplik's spots are small red lesions with a white center that form in the mouth and are associated with _________.

A) mumps

B) measles

C) chickenpox

D) flavivirus infection

B) measles

Which of the following syndromes may result from infection by an arthropod-borne virus?

A) Fevers of undifferentiated type with or without a rash

B) Encephalitis, often with a high fatality rate

C) Hemorrhagic fevers

D) All of the choices are correct.

D) All of the choices are correct.

West Nile virus has been detected in _________ states of the United.States.

A) 25

B) 50

C) 47

D) 10

C) 47

Which of the following does not transmit the AIDS virus?

A) Semen

B) Blood

C) Vaginal secretions

D) Mosquitoes

D) Mosquitoes

Colds are common because _________.

A) domestic animals serve as a persistent reservoir

B) immunity once obtained is not protective

C) there is a lack of effective antiviral drugs

D) of the antigenic diversity of the rhinoviruses and the lack of long-lasting immunity

D) of the antigenic diversity of the rhinoviruses and the lack of long-lasting immunity

Which of the following is known to activate the genital herpes virus?

A) Sunlight

B) Stress

C) Sex hormones

D) All of the choices are correct.

D) All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following is not associated with genital herpes?

A) Congenital herpes

B) Cervical cancer

C) Miscarriages

D) Aplastic crisis

D) Aplastic crisis

Large-scale screening of blood for the hepatitis B virus uses an assay designed to detect_________.

A) the Delta agent

B) the Dane particle

C) viral surface antigens

D) alanine transaminase

C) viral surface antigens

The leading reason for liver transplantation in the United States is _________.

A) hepatitis C

B) hepatitis B

C) hepatitis A

D) hepatitis D

A) hepatitis C

Control measures for hepatitis B include_________.

A) excluding contact with contaminated materials

B) passive immunotherapy within 7 days of exposure

C) vaccination of high-risk groups

D) All of the choices are correct.

D) All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following can stimulate a reactivation of the virus that causes cold sores?

A) Physical stress (fever, cold winds, trauma, hormonal changes)

B) Emotional stress

C) Ultraviolet light

D) All of the choices are correct.

D) All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following is the typical mode of transmission for hepatitis C?

A) Contaminated blood and blood products

B) Inhalation of droplets

C) Bite from body louse

D) Contaminated shellfish

A) Contaminated blood and blood products

Which of the following drugs is (are) effective against cold sores?

A) Valcyclovir and acyclovir

B) Amantadine

C) AZT and ddC

D) Protease inhibitors such as ritonavir

A) Valcyclovir and acyclovir

Acyclovir is the drug used to treat genital herpes; it_________.

A) cures the disease

B) reduces the healing time

C) lyses the virus

D) All of the choices are correct.

B) reduces the healing time

Which of the following is correct about the protease inhibitor drugs designed to treat HIV infection?

A) They slow the progress of the disease

B) They cure the disease

C) They prevent entry of the virus into cells

D) They result in lysis of virus particles

A) They slow the progress of the disease

Most drugs used to slow the progress of AIDS fall into which of the following categories?

A) Reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors

B) Topoisomerase inhibitors

C) RNA polymerase II inhibitors

D) Protein synthesis inhibitors

A) Reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors

The main route of transmission of the poliovirus is _________.

A) body contact

B) fomites

C) food and water

D) respiratory secretions

C) food and water

Infectious hepatitis (hepatitis A) is usually transmitted by_________.

A) ingestion of fecal-contaminated food or drink

B) sexual activity

C) contaminated blood

D) inhalation of droplets

A) ingestion of fecal-contaminated food or drink

Acute viral gastroenteritis can be caused by the_________.

A) norovirus and the rotavirus group

B) cytomegalovirus and hepatitis E

C) the Delta agent

D) varicella zoster virus and rubeola virus

A) norovirus and the rotavirus group

Acute viral gastroenteritis is the leading cause of death in_________.

A) children worldwide

B) children in the United.States

C) children in developing countries

D) children in day care centers

C) children in developing countries

Prevention and control of rabies includes_________.

A) pre-exposure vaccination of dogs and cats

B) post-exposure vaccination of humans

C) pre-exposure vaccination of humans at high risk

D) All of the choices are correct.

D) All of the choices are correct.

The rabies virus is transmitted to humans by_________.

A) the bite of an infected animal

B) aerosols of the virus that can be present in caves where bats roost

C) contamination of scratches with saliva from an infected animal

D) All of the choices are correct.

D) All of the choices are correct.

Negri bodies are produced within _________ of rabies-infected humans.

A) skeletal muscle

B) connective tissue

C) brain neurons

D) the skin

C) brain neurons

Who should be vaccinated against rabies?

A) Nurses

B) Farmers

C) Veterinarians

D) Physicians

C) Veterinarians

The Ebola virus causes _________.

A) encephalitis

B) pulmonary syndrome

C) hemorrhagic fever

D) lassa fever

C) hemorrhagic fever

Which of the following is a disease of humans that is probably caused by a prion and was originally associated with cannibalism?

A) Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease

B) Creutzfeld-Jakob disease

C) Kuru

D) Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker and Creutzfeld-Jakob diseases

E) Both Creutzfeld-Jakob disease and kuru

F) Both Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease and kuru

C) Kuru

Iatrogenic CJD has been transmitted by all of the following EXCEPT _________.

A) human growth hormone

B) corneal grafts

C) liver transplants

D) grafts of dura mater

C) liver transplants

Consider the possibility of a mutation occurring in a strain of avian influenza virus, which enables the bird-specific strain to readily infect humans. Such a mutation would most likely result in changes within the _________.

A) viral capsid

B) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

C) HA protein

D) nucleoprotein (NP)

C) HA protein

What critical role is often played by pigs in the epidemiology of influenza virus?

A) Pigs are the reservoir for influenza virus and most humans become infected by contact with respiratory secretions of pigs.

B) Pigs are the reservoir for influenza viruses and disease can be transmitted to humans by consuming undercooked pork.

C) Pigs can become infected simultaneously with both human, avian, and swine varieties of influenza viruses, providing an opportunity for genetic recombination resulting in antigenic shift.

D) Pigs harbor influenza viruses that are much more virulent than avian strains and human strains.

C) Pigs can become infected simultaneously with both human, avian, and swine varieties of influenza viruses, providing an opportunity for genetic recombination resulting in antigenic shift.

Which of the following is the most common outcome of infection with polio virus?

A) Paralysis of the lower extremities

B) Paralysis involving the muscles that enable respiration

C) Severe gastrointestinal disease with vomiting and diarrhea

D) Mild infection with fever, headache, sore throat, or asymptomatic

D) Mild infection with fever, headache, sore throat, or asymptomatic

What is the most likely reason why Reston ebolavirus does not cause human disease?

A) The human body temperature prohibits viral replication.

B) Human tissues lack the appropriate receptors for this viral strain.

C) Humans have antibodies that prevent establishment of infection with this viral strain.

D) Human interferons prevent the establishment of infection with this viral.

B) Human tissues lack the appropriate receptors for this viral strain.

What is the most likely reason that bats, raccoons, and foxes readily become infected with the rabies virus, whereas opossums are resistant to infection?

A) The rabies virus is unable to replicate once it has entered the opossum cells.

B) Infected opossums do not shed rabies virus in their saliva.

C) Opossums lack the appropriate receptor for the rabies virus.

D) Opossums rarely contact other infected animals.

C) Opossums lack the appropriate receptor for the rabies virus

A patient visits the doctor complaining of mild fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis. Which arthropod-borne virus could be responsible for these symptoms?

A) Zika virus

B) Dengue virus

C) Chikungunya virus

D) West Nile virus

A) Zika virus

Which of the following has not been found in the United States?

A) Eastern equine encephalitis

B) Western equine encephalitis

C) Venezuelan equine encephalitis

D) All of these strains have been found in the United States.

D) All of these strains have been found in the United States.

The AIDS virus becomes established in cells bearing the_________ receptor.

CD4

A type of cancer associated with AIDS is _________ sarcoma.

Kaposi

Cold sores or fever blisters are caused by the__________________ virus.

Herpes simplex

A major cause of blindness in the United States that results from the HSV-1 virus is__________________.

Herpetic keratitis