Material deprivation - Class differences in achievements ( external factors)

Housing - location

Families in poverty lives in areas where 90% of schools are failing. Low wages = can’t afford housing in places with better schools.

Housing - space

Low wages =. less space =. overcrowding → share spaces = not optimal for doing work, disturbed sleep, easy spread of disease

Housing - changes

• families in poverty often live in temporary accommodations have to move, so changes schools often → change in curriculum, in environment so have to focus on fitting in too, before education

Diet and health - Howard (2001)

• children from poorer homes = less nutritious food = sick more often. More absences from school

Diet and health - Wilkinson (1996)

• poorer homes = children with behavioural problems. Among 10yo, lower class = higher rate of hyperactivity, anxiety + conduct discorders.

Diet and health - Blanden and Machin (2007)

Children from poorer families often externalise behaviour - fighting, tantrums

Diet and health - AO3:

2019 National Educational Union conducted survey of 8000 schools leadres and teacher focusing on how poverty affected children’s learning.

Over 75% reported students had experienced hunger, fatigue and difficulty concentrating on schoolwork due to poverty.

Financial support and cost of education - Bull (1980) + Tanner (2016)

Bull: free education has hidden costs (e.g field trips, uniform, learning equipment + IT), so working class often miss out.

Tanner found children from lower class often missed out on extracurricular activities because to fees, kit and transport

Financial support and cost of education - Smith and Nobel 1995

• inability to finance educational enhancements: well lit, quiet, heated spaces for homework, access to internet for research, tuition

• Older students go out to work to provide an additional source of income - less time to study

• marketisation of schools: better schools admit more middle class students to compete for funding and resources

Financial support and cost of education - Callender and Jackson 2005

• bright working class students have fewer opportunities for support from parents. (80% of middle class students do, vs only 40% of lower class students).

• Tuition fees go up 9000 pounds per year since 2012 = higher financial burden if pursue higher education

Financial support and cost of education - AO3:

HIdden costs in education= debt for uni students → a survey of 1000 students in Jan 2023 conducted by Sutton Trust found 33% of working class students reported skipping meals (malnutrition), vs 24% of students from middle class students skipping meals, and 10% of working class students moving home with parents to save money vs 4% middle class students