Final exam

What are the different types of alveolar cells and their functions?

Type 1: 95 to 97% total surface area where gas exchange occurs

Type 2: secrete pulmonary surfactant and reabsorb sodium and water, preventing fluid buildup

What are the problems with cystic fibrosis as relates to body?

Mucociliary escalator fails to function properly. This is because this abnormal mucus is too thick for the cilia to properly clear.

What are the gas laws as they relate to the lungs?

Boyles law expand the container lungs, decrease pulmonary pressure.

Dalton’s law partial pressure= total pressure

Whar is the lung disorders alveoli vs bronchioles?

Alveoli- air sac in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Bronchioles- constriction of bronchioles causes asthma

What are the lung capacity measurements (expiration)?

Inspiratory capacity: amount of gas that can be inspired after a normal expiration.

Functional residual capacity- amount of air in lungs after a quiet expiration.

3rd leading cause death worldwide?

COPD

Coal miners lung disorders?

black lung (anthracosis)

Number of fictional unit of kidney?

Nephron, 1 million per kidney

Type of dialysis used for abdominal region?

CAPD (continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis)

What is the difference between cortical and juxtaglomerular nephrons?

Cortical-barely goes in medulla,

Juxtaglomerular- has deep loops of Henley that dives deep into concentrates sodium/salt and better at making concentrated urine

Conductive vs respiratory zone?

Conductive zone- gets air to the respiratory zone.

Respiratory zone- site of gas exchange

What is erythropoietin and its function in red cell production?

Protects them again destruction. When oxygen is low the kidneys release erythropoietin then red cells.

What are the layers of the alimentary tract and their functions?

Mucosa- inner secretory and absorptive layer; may be folded to increase surface area.

Submucosa- very vascular, to pick up nutrients; also has some glands and nerve plexuses

Muscularis- smooth muscle; responsible for peristalsis and segmentation; myenteric plexus for control ANS.

Serosa- outer binding and protective layer; visceral peritoneum covers the orga

Delta cells secrete what and what does it do?

Secrete somatostatin and it inhibits insulin

Absorption of building blocks and ions occur where?

The small intestine or the gut

What are the regulations of contraction in the intestine?

Acetylcholine

What is diverticulitis?

Outpouches that becomes inflamed; usually occurs in sigmoid colon

What are the hepatic portal system functions?

Delivers products of digestion to the liver.

What is bilirubin and synthesis?

Produced in spleen, liver and bone marrow. Free bilirubin is not water-soluble. Bacteria there turn into urobilinogen, which makes feces brown.

What is cytochrome p450 enzymes?

They are needed for metabolism of steroids hormones and drugs is stimulated by the activation of nuclear receptor. The nuclear receptor for cytochrome p450 is SXR (steroid and xenobiotic receptor).

What is pancreatic juice and what makes it?

Made up of bicarbonate +20 digestive enzymes

What happens to cystic fibrosis patients as related to the pancreas?

They have trouble secreting bicarbonate because of defective chloride carriers, which can lead to destruction of the pancreas. Mucus congestion in their lungs that’s a defect in the escalator and will cause a certain negatively charged ion to not be utilized in the body (bicarb)

Amount of calories from carbs/proteins/fat?

Four carbohydrate, Nine fat (kilocalories)

What are the caloric requirements for the average male?

2500 kcal/day

What are the two essential fatty acids?

Linoleic acid (an omega-6)

Linolenic acid (an omega-3)

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A,D,E,K, can be stored in the body

What are the deficiency symptoms of B12 vitamins?

Pernicious anemia

which cells secrete somatostatin?

Delta cells

What symptoms contribute to metabolic syndroms?

Insulin resistance

High plasma triglyceride levels

Low HDL levels

Increased hypertension and risk for cardiovascular disease and stroke

What is the oral glucose tolerance test and when does the levels return to normal?

Tests ability of beta cells to release insulin and ability of insulin to reduce blood glucose levels. Normal levels after 2 hours.

What is the most common diabetes mellitus?

Type 2

What is the body mass index numbers?

BMI 19-25= healthy weight

BMI 25-29.9= overwight

BMI over 30= obese

What is the production of glycogen process?

Glucose is taken into the liver and skeletal muscles to be converted to glycogen for storage.

What is the pancreatic insufficiency in cystic fibrosis patients?

Bicarbonate is secreted into pancreatic juice, H+ goes back into the blood

What is buildup of ammonia in your liver called?

Hepatic ecephalopathy

What is appendicitis?

Inflammation of the vermiform appendix. A condition called peritonitis that can produce circulatory shock and death. Mcburney’s point.

What are neurotransmitters in the intestine?

Acetylcholine

What is amino acid absorption in the body?

Duodenum and ileum

Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates?

Epithelium or small intestine

Salivary amylase begins where?

In the mouth, digests starches

What is emphysema?

Destruction of alveoli, disease of bronchioles

What is a pneumothorax?

When air enters the pleural space, raising the intrapleural pressure so that the pressure difference keeping the lung against the chest wall is abolished. The lung then collapses due to its elastic recoil.

What is the most common element found in kidney stones?

Calcium Oxate