Period 3: Industrialization, Revolutions and Global Integration, c. 1750 to c. 1900

Industrial Revolution

A period of significant industrial growth that transformed the production of goods from small-scale home production to large-scale factory production, leading to urbanization and economic changes.

Core/Periphery

A model describing economic relationships where industrialized countries (core) exploit less developed countries (periphery) for resources and labor.

Abolition

The movement to end the slave trade and liberate all slaves in the 19th century, influenced by Enlightenment ideals of liberty and equality.

Indentured Servitude

A labor system where individuals worked for a fixed term (usually 5-7 years) in exchange for passage to a new country, typically during the rise of industrial economies.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of authority, influencing political and social changes worldwide.

Atlantic Revolutions

A series of late 18th and early 19th-century revolutions in the Americas and Europe, inspired by Enlightenment ideas and leading to independence from colonial rule.

Social Darwinism

The belief that human societies evolve through competition and that the 'fittest' individuals and nations rise to power, often used to justify imperialism.

Berlin Conference

An 1884-1885 meeting of European powers to regulate colonization and trade in Africa, leading to the partitioning of the continent.

Marxism

A socio-political and economic ideology developed by Karl Marx, emphasizing class struggle and advocating for a classless society where the means of production are communally owned.

Laissez-faire Capitalism

An economic system with minimal government intervention, allowing the market to regulate itself through supply and demand.

Urbanization

The increase in population and development in urban areas as a result of industrialization and economic opportunities.

The Ghost Dance

A Native American spiritual movement in the late 19th century that sought to resist colonization and the loss of their cultures through a prophetic vision.

Telegraph

An early form of long-distance communication developed in the 19th century, crucial for facilitating global trade and information flow.

Utopian Socialism

A socialist ideology advocating for the establishment of ideal communities that prioritize equality and cooperative living, often criticized for being unrealistic.

The Suez Canal

A man-made waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, completed in 1869, significantly reducing maritime trade routes.

Rebellion

An act of violent or nonviolent resistance against an established authority or government, often seen in colonial contexts.

Transnational Businesses

Companies that operate across national borders, often involved in global trade, finance, and production.

The Sepoy Rebellion

A major uprising in 1857 by Indian soldiers against British rule, driven by cultural insensitivity and exploitation.

The Meiji Restoration

A period of rapid modernization and industrialization in Japan (1868-1912) where the emperor's power was restored, transforming Japan into an imperial power.

Women's Suffrage

The movement advocating for women's right to vote, significantly gaining momentum in the 19th century in various countries.

Anticolonial Resistance

Efforts by colonized peoples to resist and challenge imperial powers, aiming for self-determination and independence.

Economic Imperialism

A form of imperialism focused on exploiting resources and labor for economic gain without establishing direct political control.

Victorian Morality

A set of social norms and values during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901) in Britain, emphasizing sexual restraint, purity, and respectability.

Joint-Stock Companies

Businesses owned by shareholders that enabled investors to pool capital for large ventures, critical in financing trade and colonial expansion.

Nicolas-Antoine Boulanger

A key figure associated with the philosophy of Utopian Socialism, advocating for ideal societies.

Paternalism

Policy or practice of governing individuals, companies, or nations as a father would guide his children, often seen in imperial attitudes.