Exam #2

contralateral

located on the opposite side of the body

contralateral example

nerves on the left side of the brain send axons to a structure located on the opposite side of the brain

cross section

a slice taken at right angles to the neuraxis

frontal section

a slice through the brain parallel to the forehead

horizontal plane

saggital plane

Neuraxis

an imaginary line drawn through the center of the length of the CNS, from the bottom of the spinal cord to the front of the forebrain

neuraxis

ipsilateral

located on the same side of the body

ipsilateral example

nerves on the left side of the brain send axons to a structure located on the same side of the brain

transverse plane (frontal section)

horizontal section

a slice through the brain parallel to the ground

saggital section

a slice through the brain parallel to the neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground

meninges

the three layers of tissue that encase the nervous system

dura mater

the outermost of the meninges: tough and flexible

arachnoid membrane

the middle layer of the meninges, located between the outer dura mater and the inner pia mater

pia mater

the layer of the meninges that clings to the surface of the brain; thin and delicate

subarachnoid space

the fluid-filled space that cushions the brain

ventricle

one of the hollow spaces within the brain, filled with CSF

lateral ventricle

one of the two ventricles located in the center of the telencephalon

third ventricle

the ventricle located int he center of the diencephalon

skull

arachnoid mater

pia mater

brain

dura mater

cerebral aqueduct

a narrow tube interconnecting he third and fourth ventricles of the brain located in the center of the mesencepphalon

fourth ventricle

the ventricle located between the cerebellum and the dorsal pons, in the center of the mesencephalon

choroid plexus

the highly vascular tissue that protrudes into the ventricles and produces CSF

arachnoid granulation

small projection of the arachnoid membrane through the dura mater into the superior sagital sinus, CSF flows through the blood supply

obstructive hydrocephalus

condition in which all or some of the brain's ventricles are enlarged; caused by an obstruction that impedes the normal flow of CSF

lateral ventricle

fourth ventricle

cerebral aqueduct

massa intermedia

third ventricle

neural tube location

a hollow tube, closed at the rostral end

neural tube function

forms from the ectoderm tissue early in embryonic development; serves as the origin of the central nervous system

ventricular zone location

a layer of cells that line the inside of the neural tube;

cerebral cortex

the outermost layer of gray matter of the cerebral hemispheres

radial glia location

special glia with fibers that grow radially outward from the ventricular zone to the surface of the cortex

radial glia function

provides guidance for neurons migrating outward during brain development

ventricular zone function

contains founder cells that divide and give rise to the CNS

subarachnoid space location

located between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater

telencephalon

Diencephalon

mesencephalon

Metencephalon

myencephalon

3 main subdivisions of the brain (essay)

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

Ventricle(s) in Forebrain (essay)

lateral third

ventricle(s) in the midbrain (essay)

cerebral aqueduct

ventricle(s) in the hindbrain (essay)

fourth

subdivisions of the forebrain (essay)

telencephalon and diencephalon

subdivision of the midbrain (essay)

mesencephalon

subdivision of the hindbrain (essay)

metencephalon and myelencephalon

principal structures of the telencephalon (essay)

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system

principle structures of the diencephalon (essay)

thalamus and hypothalamus

principle structures of the mesencephalon (essay)

tectum and tegmentum

principal structures of the metencephalon (essay)

cerebellum and pons

principle structures of the myelencephalon

medulla oblongata

forebrain

the most anterior prominent part of the mammalian brain with two cerebral hemispheres

2 hemispheres of the forebrain

telencephalon and diencephalon

cerebral cortex location

outer portion of the forebrain

longitudinal fissure

a groove that separates right and left hemispheres

corpus callosum

largest hemisphere-connecting tract

sulcus

a minor groove in the surface of the cerebral hemisphere

fissure

a major groove in the surface of the brain

gyrus

a raised part of the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, separated by fissures or sulci

four lobes of the cerebral cortex

occipital, parietal, temporal, frontal

limbic lobe

potential fifth lobe of the cerebral cortex

primary visual cortex

the region of the posterior occipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system

calcarine fissure

a fissure located in the occipital lobe on the medial surface of the brain; most of the primary visual cortex is located along its upper and lower banks

primary auditory cortex

the region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system

lateral fissure

the fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the overlying frontal and parietal lobes

primary somatosensory cortex

the region of the anterior parietal lobe whose primary input is from the somatosensory system

central sulcus

the sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

primary motor cortex

primary somatosensory cortex

right hemisphere

calcarine fissure

primary visual cortex

left hemisphere

primary auditory cortex

lateral fissure

primary auditory cortex

insular cortex

sensory association cortex

those regions of the cerebral cortex that receive information from the regions of primary sensory cortex

motor association cortex

the region of the frontal lobe rostral to the primary motor cortex; also known as the premotor cortex

prefrontal cortex

the region of the frontal lobe rostral to the motor association cortex; complex cognitive behvaior

parts of the limbic system

olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex

functions associated with limbic system

motivation emotions: eating drinking sexual activity, anxiety, and aggression

structure underneath the cortex

thalamus and hypothalamus

thalamus

relay station from the sensory organs; main source of input tot he cortex

hypothalamus location

small area near the base

hypothalamus function

conveys messages to the pituitary gland to alter the release of hormones

pituitary gland

hypotahalamus

pituitary gland

hormone producing gland found at the base of the hypothalamus